Water Resources

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh.

1. Water resources Vd Rakesh Shukla Lecturer Dept of swasthavritta GAAC, Ahmedabad Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

2. GLOBAL OVERVIEW While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater. Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for human use . Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

3. Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs Reservoir Volume of water (10 6 km³) Percent of total Ocean 1370 97.25 Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05 Groundwater 9.5 0.68 Lakes 0.125 0.01 Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005 Atmosphere 0.013 0.001 Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001 Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004 Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

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5. Source of water Water source must conform to two criteria. The quantity must be sufficient to meet present and future requirement. The quality of water must be acceptable. Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

6. Source of water supply Rain Surface water Impounding reservoirs Rivers and streams Tanks ,Ponds and Lakes 3. Ground water a. Shallow wells b. Deep wells c. springs Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

7. RAIN WATER Prime source of water. Characteristics :- Purest water in nature. Physically – clear, bright ,sparkling. Chemically - very soft water. Containing only traces of dissolved solids. Being soft - corrosive action on lead pipes Bacteriologically – free from pathogenic agents. IMPURITIES : - It picks up suspended impurities from atmosphere such as dust soot and microorganisms and gases Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

8. SURFACE WATER Originator from rain water. Main source of water supply As such it is never safe for human consumption unless subjected to sanitary protection and purification before use . Which are impounding reservoirs Rivers and steams Tanks , ponds and lakes Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

9. RIVERS Characteristics:- Turbid during rainy season Contains dissolved and suspended impurities of all kind. IMPURITIES : - Surface washing Sewage Sullage water Industrial & trade waste Drainage from agricultural areas. The customs- bathing, animal washing, disposal of dead Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

10. Self purification of river water Certain amount of self purification by natural forces such as – Dilution Sedimentation Aeration Oxidation Sunlight But these are not sufficient, river water needs extensive purification before it can be used for drinking purpose. Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

11. IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS Characteristics Furnish a fairly good quality of water. It is clear ,palatable and ranks next to rain water. It is soft and considered to be free of pathogenic organisms Impurities Water derives its impurities from the catchment area. One disadvantage of storing water for long periods in reservoirs is the growth of algae and other microscopic organisms, which impact bad tastes and odor to water Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

12. TANKS Tanks are subjected to unlimited possibilities of contamination and highly dangerous as a source of drinking water even at the best of times Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

13. Ground water Cheapest and most practical means of providing water to small communities. It is superior to surface water because the ground itself provides and effective filtering medium. Advantage: Free from pathogenic agents. It usually requires no treatment. Supply of water is likely even during dry season. Less subject to contamination than surface water. Disadvantag e: high in mineral content. Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

14. WELLS Technically wells are of 2 kind Shallow well Deep well Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

15. Diff between Shallow well & Deep well Shallow Well Deep well Definition Taps the water from above the first impervious layer Taps the water from below the first impervious layer Chemical quantity Moderately hard Much hard Bacteriological Often grossly contaminated Taps purer water Yield Dry in summer Provides a source of constant supply Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

16. Wells may also be classified, according to the method of construction- DUG WELL Unlined kucha well Pucka well 2. STEP WELL Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

17. SANITARY WELL A sanitary well is one that is properly located, well constructed, and well protected from possible locations of contamination so as to ensure supply of safe water. The criteria for a sanitary well are as follow- Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

18. Location A sanitary well should be located atleast 15m away from possible sources of contamination It should be located a higher level than nearby sources of contamination It should not be located too far away from the people’s houses – it is suggested that no user should have to carry water for more than 100m Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

19. LINING The inside of the well should be lined with bricks upto a depth of atleast 6m This is to ensure that the water enters the well from the bottom,  not from the sides Also the lining should be continued till about 60-90cm above the ground level PARAPPET WALL A sanitary well should have a parappet wall upto a height of atleast 70-75cm Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

20. PLATFORM A cement concrete platform should be constructed around the well with a radius of atleast 1m in all directions The margin of the platform should have a drain for collecting the spilled water DRAIN The spilled water should be channeled away from the well using a proper drain system It should be connected to the public drain system or to a drainage pit located outside the cone of filtration of the well Vd Rakesh Shukla , GAAC, Ahmedabad

21. COVER A proper cement concrete cover is essential for maintaining the quality of the water of the well It increases the bacterial quality of the well water considerably HAND PUMP A hand pump should be installed to draw water from the well It should be of good quality so as to endure the rough handling by the people It should be regularly serviced and there should be provision to repair it quickly if any fault were to arise Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

22. CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITY The people who use the well should observe certain precautions to ensure the quality of the water They should dump waste materials around the well Washing of clothes and animals in the surrounding of the well should be prohibited QUALITY The physical chemical and biological parameters of the well water should conform to acceptable standards Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

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