Water soluble vitamins

Water soluble vitamins are the group of vitamins being readily soluble in water and does many functions in our body. The presentation includes the sources, functions and deficiency of each water soluble vitamins and are available according to the RDA given by ICMR.

1. WATER – SOLUBLE VITAMINS PREETHI.S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NUTRITION AND DIETETICS BISHOP HEBER COLLEGE, TRICHY.

2. Water Soluble Vitamins – B & C

3. VITAMINS “ Vitamins are defined as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perfom specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organism " .

4. Classification Based on the nature of solubility vitamins were classified into two groups .

5. They are heterogeneous group of compounds - differ chemically . Common character – solubility in water . Easily absorbed. Not stored in the body except for Vit amin B12 . Readily excreted in urine. Form coenzymes – biochemical reactions. Water - Soluble Vitamins

6. Vitamin - C ( Ascorbic A cid ) The isolation of vitamin C - Zilva ( 1917-1927 ). He obtained - highly potent substance & reducing properties In 1928, Szent-Gyorgi isolated an acid with strong reducing properties from cabbages, adrenal glands and oranges – “ Hexuronic acid " In 1933, Waugh and King isolated vitamin C in cry s talline form - lemon juice In 1933, Vitamin C as ascorbic acid owing its anti - scorbutic properties

7. SOURCES

8. RDA 45mg/ day 60-80 mg / day 35 – 40 mg / day

9. Most important function of vitamin C is its property to undergo reversible oxidation Vitamin C plays an important role in collagen formation Acting as a coenzyme Thereby facilitating cross linkage of collagen fibers & increases its strength FUNCTIONS

10. Helps in bone formation Plays a role in iron and hemoglobin metabolism Takes part in the metabolic reactions of tryptophan, tyrosine, folic acid & cholesterol Enhances the synthesis of Immunoglobulins and increases their phagocytic action Also acts as a strong biological anti - oxidant . FUNCTIONS

11. S curvy - spongy & sore gums, loose teeth, swollen joints, anemia, fragile blood vessels, delayed wound healing, hemorrhage, osteoporosis etc ., Defective collagen synthesis “Cork screw” hair pattern with tiny bleeding points around the orifice of a hair follicle “Woody legs” with large spontaneous bruises in lower extremities “Tummer field zone” is the classic histological picture of bone in scurvy. DEFICIENCY

12. DEFICIENCY SCURVY WOODY LEGS CORK SCREW TUMMERFIELD ZONE

13. Oral manifestations S wollen & spongy gums – inter - dental papillae producing the appearance of scurvy buds In severe cases - hemorrhages to periodontal membranes followed by loss of bone & loosening of teeth occurs

14. Ascorbic acid – non- toxic O xalates - formation of kidney stones Mega doses of vitamin C - common cold, wound healing trauma etc. (A nti - oxidant ) TOXICITY

15. B-complex group of vitamins - large number of w a t e r so l u ble v it a m i n s : n ut r itio n a l e s sen ti a l s f o r all forms of life, from the lowest form of yeast & bacteria to the highest form, the man Not only nutritionally , also form essential co enzymes to certain important intracellular enzyme systems There are about individual components , most of them are synthesized by the microbial flora VITAMIN - B

16. Components of vitamin B complex 1.Thiamine – Vit B1 2.Riboflavin – Vit B2 3. Niacin – Vit B3 4.Pantothenic acid – Vit B5 5.Pyridoxine – Vit B6 6.Biotin – Vit B7 7.Folic acid group 8.Cyanocobalamin – Vit B12

17. Thiamine (Vitamin B1, anti beriberi, anti - neuritic VITAMIN) Free thiamin - basic & heat stable S pecific coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate ( TP P) - carbohydrate metabolism Readily soluble in water Stable in acid medium Destroyed – autoclaved at 120°C for 30min Destroyed even @ room temperature in alkaline medium

18. SOURCES

19. RDA Male :1.2-1.5mg/day Females : 1.0-1.1mg/day Infants : 0.3-0.5 mg / day Children : 0.7-1.2mg/day Pregnancy & Lactation 1.3-1.5 mg / day

20. Biochemical functions The enzyme TPP / co carboxylase - energy releasing reactions in CHO metabolism TPP - transmission of nerve impulse A cetylcholine synthesis & ion translocation of neural tissue.

21. Deficiency manifestations B1 deficiency - consuming polished rice as staple food D eficiency of vitamin B1 – beriberi The early symptoms - loss of appetite (anorexia), weakness, constipation, nausea, mental depression, peripheral neuropathy, irritability etc.

22. Edema - legs, face, trunk & serous cavities, with breathlessness & palpitations Neurological manifestations - peripheral neuritis, progressive weakness difficulty to walk sleeplessness, restlessness, vomiting, convulsions & bouts of screaming - cardiac dilatation

23. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Riboflavin - coenzymes Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) & Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) : cellular oxidation-reduction reactions Metabolism - carbohydrate , lipid, protein & purine Enzymes using flavin coenzymes – flavoproteins contain metal atoms – “ metalloflavoproteins "

24. SOURCES

25. RDA Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy : 1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

26. Deficiency • U ncommon , seen along with other vitamin deficiencies Chronic alcoholics - susceptible to vitamin B2 deficiency Nasal seborrhea Scrotal dermatitis Corneal vascularization

27. Niacin (Vitamin B3, Nicotinic acid) P ellagra preventive factor of Goldberg C oenzymes - synthesized by E ssential A mino A cid, tryptophan C oenzymes - NAD + and NADP + : oxidation-reduction reactions T ryptophan - precursor for synthesis of nicotinamide coenzymes.

28. SOURCES

29. RDA Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy : 1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

30. Deficiency Niacin deficiency – pellagra The disease of pellagra - skin, GIT & CNS Symptoms – 3 D’s . : Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia & R arely - Death (4 th D) S ymptoms - anxiety, irritability, poor memory, insomnia etc.

31. Oral manifestations Raw beefy tongue - The mucosa becomes fiery red and painful , Salivation - profuse

32. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) Pantothenic acid – also known as chick anti-dermatitis factor /f iltrate factor F unctions - exerted through coenzyme A / CoA CoA - central molecule in metabolisms (carbohydrate, lipid and protein), as the carrier of activated acetyl / acyl groups

33. SOURCES

34. RDA Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy : 1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

35. Deficiency manifestations Burning feet syndrome – pain and numbness in toes, sleeplessness & fatigue Grierson - Gopalan Syndrome

36. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 3 compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamine. The active form - coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP ) PLP - metabolism of amino acids S ynthesis - serotonin, histamine , niacin coenzymes from amino acids dependent on pyridoxine . PLP - transamination, decarboxylation, deamination, transsulfuration, condensation etc.

37. SOURCES

38. RDA Male & Female: 1.6 - 2 mg /day Infants : 0.3 mg / day Children : 0.6-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy & Lactation : 2.5 mg/ day

39. Deficiency De crease synthesis of biogenic amines - serotonin, nor- epinephrine & epinephrine Demyelination of neurons Decrease in hemoglobin levels, with hypochromic microcytic anemia

40. Deficiency Peripheral Neuropathy Convulsion Neurological symptoms

41. Biotin (Vitamin B7) A nti-egg white injury factor V itamin B7 / vitamin H, is a sulfur containing B-complex vitamin Biotin - carrier of CO 2 in carboxylation reactions

42. SOURCES RDA Adult 100 - 300 mg /day Other source: Adequate from Intestinal bacteria

43. Deficiency Loss of Appetite Anaemia Dermatitis Nausea Glossitis

44. Folic acid Folic acid / folacin – GLV I mportant - one carbon metabolism & synthesis of amino acids, purines & pyrimidine -thymine Tetrahydrofolate (THF or FH 4 ), the coenzyme of folic acid is active - carbon metabolism THF - acceptor / donor of carbon units in a variety of reactions involving amino acid & nucleotide metabolism

45. SOURCES

46. RDA Male & Female: 400 µg /day Infants : 50µg / day Children : 100-300µg /day Pregnancy & Lactation : 600 - 800µg / day

47. Deficiency Decreased production of purines & dTMP - impairs DNA synthesis B lock in DNA synthesis, the maturation of erythrocytes is slowed down - macrocytic RBC Aminopetrin & methotrexate - structural analogues of folic acid - cancer like leukemia

48. Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12) Vitamin B12 / anti-pernicious anemia vitamin & extrinsic factor of Castle D erived - cobalamine & cyanocobalamine due to cobalt & cyanide groups Vit B12 - formation of labile methyl groups, for the synthesis of thymine , nucleic - normal hemopoisis Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine Isomerization of methymalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA  

49. SOURCES

50. RDA Male & Female: 3.0µg /day Infants : 0.3µg / day Children : 1-2µg /day Pregnancy & Lactation : 4.0µg / day

51. Deficiency Demyelination of nerves Peripheral neuropathy

52. Oral manifestations Raw beefy tongue - The mucosa becomes fiery red and painful , Salivation - profuse

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