Water treatment plant operation and basics

water treatment

1. Good Morning To, The Most Respected Sir Emerald A. Gabatilla -AVP operation-LPC sir Hadzarie Masmodi - Plant manager-LPC sir Gemayel B.Lalao – plant manager- LPC sir Selvaraj- Station manager- Thermax, my colleagues, my team mates and my seniors and juniors.

2. Safety Oath/Pledge

3. Self Introduction Name: Mahesh Vishwakarma Education: M.Sc. in Biotechnology. Gulbarga university, Gulbarga. Karnataka. (GUG-2010) Experience: 14 years. As a Research Associate in R&D Plant tissue culture, Bangalore, Karnataka As a Microbiologist in R&D Biofertilizer, Mysore, Karnataka. As a Trainee chemist at NSL sugars, Bellary, Karnataka As a Shift chemist at LMIL sugar and power plant, Maharashtra As a WTP HOD at RBEPL, Biomass plant , Raichur, Karnataka. As a Senior chemist in RMPL, Italy based Pharma plant, Raichur, Karnataka. As a WTP & ETP HOD in Jurala Organics, Ethanol plant, Marikal , Telangana. Now as a Senior Chemist at Lamsan power corporation, Philippines. Work exposure in R&D, QC. Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance of WTP & ETP

4. Introduction to universal solvent- Water Water is an  inorganic compound   chemical formula  of water is H 2 O. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, [c]  and  nearly colorless   chemical substance , and it is the main constituent of  Earth 's  hydrosphere  

5. Properties of water It is vital for all known forms of  life , Its chemical formula, H 2 O, indicates that each of its  molecules  contains one  oxygen  and two  hydrogen   atoms , connected by  covalent bonds . In liquid form, H 2 O is also called "Water" at  standard temperature and pressure .

6. Properties of water Density: In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 999.972 kg/m 3  (62.4262  lb /cu ft) at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F), or almost 1,000 kg/m 3 Melting point 0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K)  Boiling point 99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) Solubility Poorly soluble in  haloalkanes ,  aliphatic  and  aromatic  hydrocarbons.

7. Sources of water

8. Sources of water Water sources can include: Surface water  (for example, a lake, river, or reservoir) Ground water  (for example, an aquifer) Recycled water external icon   (also called reused water)

9. IMPURITIES IN WATER Water is the world’s most precious resource. However, it is not exempt from certain impurities that can severely affect clean consumption. These impurities include dust, fine sand, clay, dirt, and biological contaminants. Pure water is tasteless, colorless and odorless, but water from rainfall, streams and wells is known to harbor harsh chemicals and elements, including acid and metallic rust elements. Similarly, many drinking water systems also contain chlorine, as well as high levels of calcium. With this in mind, let’s look at some of the common impurities in water and learn why they are not safe for human or animal consumption.

10. IMPURITIES IN WATER WHAT ARE IMPURITIES IN WATER? dust, sand, clay and rust. They remain suspended in water and cause it to become muddy or cloudy. They also lack the two essentials of pure water: hydrogen and oxygen.

11. IMPURITIES IN WATER TYPES OF IMPURITIES IN WATER There are several types of impurities in water drinking systems and reserves. BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES IN WATER Biological impurities in water are caused by the presence of living organisms. These include algae, protozoa, pathogens, bacteria, viruses, microbes, and parasites along with their cysts (eggs) in contaminated water.

12. IMPURITIES IN WATER COLLOIDAL IMPURITIES IN WATER Colloidal impurities in water include  organic waste products and amino acids . This problem occurs due to contact with suspended matter and elements like sand, rocks and organic matter flowing in rivers, streams and lakes that renders water undrinkable or non-pure. Sources of chemical impurities in water include: Gases that are picked up from the atmosphere by rainwater and torrential downpours Decomposing animals and plants found near streams, rivers and lakes Industrial sewage and wastewater High levels of calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, and chlorides in river water Organic compounds stemming from agricultural and domestic industrial waste. These are known as anthropogenic contaminants, which are found in natural and drinking water. Inorganic compounds stemming from medical wastewater and equipment systems

13. IMPURITIES IN WATER Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment Turbidity non-expressed in analysis as units imparts unsightly appearance to water; deposits in water lines, process equipment, etc.; interferes with most process uses coagulation, settling, and filtration Sulfate SO 4 2- adds to solids content of water, but in itself is not usually significant, combines with calcium to form calcium sulfate scale demineralization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, evaporation

14. Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment 2. Hardness calcium and magnesium salts, expressed as CaCO 3 chief source of scale in heat exchange equipment, boilers, pipe lines, etc.; forms curds with soap, interferes with dyeing, etc. softening; demineralization; internal boiler water treatment; surface active agents 3. Alkalinity bicarbonate(HCO 3 - ), carbonate (CO 3 2- ), and hydroxide(OH - ), expressed as CaCO 3 foam and carryover of solids with steam; embrittlement of boiler steel; bicarbonate and carbonate produce CO 2  in steam, a source of corrosion in condensate lines lime and lime-soda softening; acid treatment; hydrogen zeolite softening; demineralization dealkalization by anion exchange

15. Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment Free Mineral Acid H 2 SO 4  , HCI. etc., expressed as CaCO 3 corrosion neutralization with alkalies Carbon Dioxide CO 2 corrosion in water lines, particularly steam and condensate lines aeration, deaeration, neutralization with alkalies Chloride Cl  - adds to solids content and increases corrosive character of water demineralization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, evaporation Nitrate NO 3 - adds to solids content, but is not usually significant industrially: high concentrations cause methemoglobinemia in infants; useful for control of boiler metal embrittlement demineralization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, evaporation

16. Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment 8. Silica SiO 2 scale in boilers and cooling water systems; insoluble turbine blade deposits due to silica vaporization hot and warm process removal by magnesium salts; adsorption by highly basic anion exchange resins, in conjunction with demineralization, reverse osmosis, evaporation 9. Iron Fe 2+  (ferrous) Fe 3+  (ferric) discolors water on precipitation; source of deposits in water lines, boilers. etc.; interferes with dyeing, tanning, papermaking, etc. aeration; coagulation and filtration; lime softening; cation exchange; contact filtration; surface active agents for iron retention

17. Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment Manganese Mn 2+ same as iron same as iron Aluminum AI 3+ usually present as a result of floc carryover from clarifier; can cause deposits in cooling systems and contribute to complex boiler scales improved clarifier and filter operation Oxygen O 2 corrosion of water lines, heat exchange equipment, boilers, return lines, etc. deaeration; sodium sulfite; corrosion inhibitors Hydrogen Sulfide H 2 S cause of "rotten egg" odor; corrosion aeration; chlorination; highly basic anion exchange

18. Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment Ammonia NH 3 corrosion of copper and zinc alloys by formation of complex soluble ion cation exchange with hydrogen zeolite; chlorination; deaeration Dissolved Solids none refers to total amount of dissolved matter, determined by evaporation; high concentrations are objectionable because of process interference and as a cause of foaming in boilers lime softening and cation exchange by hydrogen zeolite; demineralization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, evaporation Suspended Solids none refers to the measure of undissolved matter, determined gravimetrically; deposits in heat exchange equipment, boilers, water lines, etc. subsidence; filtration, usually preceded by coagulation and settling Total Solids none refers to the sum of dissolved and suspended solids, determined gravimetrically see "Dissolved Solids" and "Suspended Solids"