wattle production technology.pptx

Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. this power point explains the production technology of wattle
wattle is a fleshy caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds and mammals. Caruncles in birds include those found on the face, wattles, dewlaps, snoods, and earlobes.
Acacia auriculiformis, commonly known as auri, karuvel in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and aakashmani in West Bengal, is a fast-growing, crooked, gnarly tree in the family Fabaceae.What is acacia used for?
It's a dietary fiber that can dissolve in water. As a medicine, acacia is taken by mouth to reduce cholesterol levels and to help increase weight loss

1. WATTLE

2. WATTLE Botanical name: Acacia spp Chromosome no: 2n= 26 Family: Fabaceae Sub family: Mimosoideae Origin : Southeastern Australia.

3. DESCRIPTION Wattles  or  acacias , is a large  genus  of shrubs and trees in the subfamily  Mimosoideae  of the  Fabaceae family. Acacia species are commonly known as ‘ Babool ’ in India. It is called ‘ velamaram ’ in tamil Total 1350 species of Acacia found throughout the world and close to 1000 be found in Australia. 22 indigenous species in India.

4. Distribution : It spread to tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and the Americas. Acacia grows on well-drained soil, in dry and sunny habitats. USES: People cultivate acacia in ornamental purposes and because of its wood that has application in the industry of furniture. Compounds isolated from acacia have application in medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

5. ACACIA SPECIES IN INDIA In India Acacia is categorized mainly into three divisions : Catechu, Catechuoides and Sundra . In India one of the species of acacia called Acacia Catechu is known as ' Khair ’ . and it is widely found in UP, Jammu, Punjab, HP, MP, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. The other species known as Acacia Catechuoides is found in the terrain region of Sikkim, WB and Assam. The third variety also known as the 'red catechu' or ' lal khair ' is prevalent in Gujarat, the Deccan, Rajasthan and southern parts of Maharashtra.

6. The foreign species Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis have been a most preferred variety of forest departments across South India due to their demand in timber industry. In South India mostly A.aquiliformis and A.nilotica (Babul) are found.

7. TYPES OF WATTLE Gum acacia ( Acacia arabica ), yields true  gum Arabic . Black wattle( A.mearnsii )-It is used as the shade tree in Tea plantations  Golden wattle ( A. pycnantha )  Green wattle ( A. decurrens )   silver wattle   ( A. dealbata ) A few species produce valuable timber, among them the Australian blackwood ( A. melanoxylon )

8. Acacia arabica Commonly known as babul, kikar or indian gum arabic tree has been recognized worldwide as a multipurpose tree. It is widely distributed throughout arid and semi-arid zones of the world. It is native to africa , the middle east and the indian subcontinent. It is also considered a 'weed of national significance ' and an invasive species of concern in australia , as well as a noxious weed by the federal government of the united states. Acacia arabica used in treatment of malaria; sore throat (aerial part) and toothache (bark) 3-8 have tested the anti-fertility activity of pods and nuts.

9. Acacia arabica

10. GOLDEN WATTLE A.pycnantha Native : S.Australia Thinner bark,Smaller tree Flowers appear as yellow colur then later changes into Pale green colour Less hardy spp Rich in tannin 50% tannin in air dried material Best commercial bark has an average of more than 38% tannin in the Nilgiris. Australia's national floral emblem is Acacia pycnantha, the Golden Wattle.

11. The tree yield Australian gum. Gum is principaly arbogalactan . Extract of bark is equal to best Indian catechu. Bark extract have huge demand in leather industry.

12. SILVER WATTLE A.dealbata Evergreen Native : Tasmania and S.Australia Grown in Nilgiri and Himalayan regions Thin bark Silvery grey bark Root suckers spread rapidly 1 to 15% tannin content @10% moisture content

13. BLACK WATTLE Acacia mearnsii Native : south Australia 6000 ha area in Nilgiri Chief source of wattle bark of commerce Nilgiri , Central Kerala As windbreaks and shade trees in tea estates

14. GREEN WATTLE Acacia decurrens Evergreen tree 12 m ht Bark olive green, dark grey on older trees Pale yellow flowers Less number of flowers and less scented compared to A.dealbata Bark rich in tannin – 36 to 41% @ 11% moisture content

15. Erosion control: Wattles grow well at high elevations even on slopes with shallow or poor acid soils therefore be very effective in preventing soil erosion Shades or shelter: The species has been planted as a shelterbelt, a fire be and as a shade tree in plantations.. Nitrogen fixation: It is an effective nitrogen fixer and has an annual via of wet leaves of 21-25 t/ha, containing 240-285 kg of nitrogen. Ornamental: A. mearnsii is an attractive tree, flowering profusely in winter

16. SOIL & CLIMATE Its grown in poor dry soil But it prefers deeper, well drained, moist and more fertile soil. Annual mean temperature requirement is 14.7-27.8˚C Annual rainfall of 150 cm with 100 rainy days is essential High rainfall causes development of lichen on bark, it deteriorates the quality of bark extract

17. Pollination: cross pollination Flowering takes place from October to December Mature seeds are available for collection from 12-14 months after flowering Seeds could remain viable for about a year. Pollinators: Bees Maturation: Pods mature in 14 months and fruits mature in 12-14 months.

18. PROPAGATION There are two main methods of growing Acacias: from seeds and from cuttings. Growing Acacias from seeds  is the easiest and quickest method. Spacing : 2.5-3.3m x 2.5-3.3m Seed rate – 450g/ha Seed treatment -Hot water treatment. Wash with cold water after hot water treatment to remove the gummy mucilage. Viability of seed is 6 months to 1 year.

19. Acacia cuttings requires a 3- to 4-inch (7.5-10 cm.) long piece of new growth. Remove all but the top leaves from the cutting and sink it in good potting material. Cuttings tend to root better in a warm, moist environment with indirect light. The success of cutting propagation varies widely depending upon the species.

20. NURSERY Prepare raised standard beds of 10m × 1m 300g of seeds sown per bed Cover the beds with bracken ferns and water the bed It takes 10 to 15 days to germinate Transplanting the seedlings to poly bags at two-month-old stage

21. PLANTING Done at the onset of monsoon, Transplant 9 to 12 month old seedlings to main field during May-June. Pit size -30 cm3 Spacing- 2.5-3.3m x 2.5-3.3m 2,500 seedlings per ha

22. After care Thinning in the third year of planting In wider spacing thinning is not necessary Weeding after establishment of plant in field(one month) Irrigation is essential in the nursery till the out break of monsoon. The seedlings require daily irrigation with a precaution that the water does not accumulate at the roots of the plants.

23. MANURING Being A Leguminous Tree It Enriches The Soil Fertility 45g Of Ammonium Sulphate ,90g Of Super Phosphate, And 45g Of Muriate Of Potash Is Recommended For Boosting Initial Growth

24. HARVESTING AND PROCESSING Economic part – bark It will be ready for harvest in 10 years Bark is cut around the tree at base first And Peel off bark during rainy season Cut the debarked tree at 10 cm above ground level. Drying of bark upto 7 days (sun dry).

25. Proper dried bark: Should be easily breakable, brown in colour . Improper drying: Leads to formation of fungal mould ,oxidation, extensively red colour extract.

26. YIELD 8 to 30 T/ha In nilgiris it is 8 to 17 T/ha A tree, on an average, may yield 250 grams of gum arabic per annum Fuel wood yield 75 to 100t/ha An average plantation yields about 40 t/ha bark and 200 t/ha wood

27. PESTS OF WATTLE Wattle bag worm ( Acathopsyche junodi ) Complete defoliation Permanent stunting of growth Other pests Ants Termites Borers nematodes

28. DISEASES OF WATTLE 1)Gummosis Serious disease present in Africa, Gummosis a physiological disease in which gum is produced from cracks in the bark and it can tender bark value Management: Bordeax mixture, clean cultivation 2)Rust disease on Acacia spp. Caused by Ravenelia spp. Rust diseases are caused by fungi with complicated life cycles.

29. 3)Anthracnose It causes spots on the leaves and can eventually weaken or even kill the tree. Rake up leaf litter promptly and discard it. If anthracnose is a problem, spray the tree according to package directions with a fungicide labeled for treating anthracnose.

30. TANNIN EXTRACTION METHODS 1)Selection of material B ark samples were collected. The bark samples were chosen within the same area to avoid different characteristics in soil and climate conditions. The selected were all between 10–15 years old , and with the better growth and quality. The collection height was 1.5 m from the tree stump.

31. 2) Preparation of samples The samples were initially weighted and then were introduced into the a drying oven with circulation by reinforced air, at a constant temperature of 100 ± 5 °C. They were weighed daily at the same time of the day to observe the weight variation from one day to the next. This was done over ten days, when weight stability was achieved. After drying the samples, they were crushed in a knife mill grinder and then sieved using three sieves with different apertures: 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm and 1 mm.

32. 3)Tannin extraction The extraction of tannins was performed using two different methods: 1) extraction with a soxhlet, 2) extraction through heat and agitation. The Species Used ( A. Dealbata) , The Type Of Solvent (Distilled Water, Ethanol-water 80/20), The Method Of Extraction (Soxhlet, Magnetic Stirring With Heat) And The Size (<0.5 Mm, 0.5−1 Mm And >1 Mm) Of The Solid Particles. All Extractions For Each Variable Were Made By Triplicate.

33. Then, they were weighed again to study the differences in weight, and to obtain the data of the yield during the process. When distilled water was used as solvent, the solution obtained in the extraction was introduced directly into the oven (100 ± 5 °C), producing the evaporation of the water and thus obtaining immediately the tannin

34. VALUE ADDITION OF WATTLE Seed and feathery shoot of acacia are used in Asian cuisine for the preparation of various soups, omelettes and curries. Americans like to consume liqueur made of flowers of acacia. Leaves of acacia are important source of food for camels, goats, giraffes and cattle. Flowers of acacia are used in the industry of perfumes and cosmetics. Strong and durable wood of acacia was popular and widely used for the manufacture of ships in the past. Today, acacia is mostly used for the production of floorings, furniture, toys, jewelry and tools .

35. Tannins isolated from tree sap, leaves and bark are used for the tanning of leather. They are also used as preservatives and have application in the pharmaceutical industry. Gum Arabic , isolated from African species of acacia, has application in the food industry. It is used as a thickening agent in the manufacture of soft drinks, frozen desserts and confectionery. It is also used as adhesive and cure. Ancient Egyptians used gum Arabic in paints. Acacia arabica has been reported to be effective against a variety of disease including diabetes, skin disease and most concerning with cancer. The fresh plants parts of Acacia arabica is considered as astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal , with good nutritional value in Indian traditional medicine system.

36. GUM ARABIC

37. Reference: Spices at glance, KM Yuvaraj KAU, agri tech portal ICAR Ecourse

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