Wb cs maturation

LEUKOPOESIS
GRANULOPOESIS

1. For 2 nd Yr Bs . MLT WHITE BLOOD CELLS [WBC]

2. CONTEN T : INTRODUCTION TYPES OF WBC NORMAL VALUES FORMATION OF WBC MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES FUNCTIONS OF WBC’S LIFE SPAN OF WBC REVIEW ON PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS METABOLISM OF WBC’S CONCLUSION-SUMMARY REFERENCES

3. LEUKOCYTES:[WBC’S] MOBILE UNITS OF BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM: “SEEK AND DESTROY”FUNCTION: DESTROY INVADING MICRO ORGANISM DESTRO Y ABNORMAL CELLS(I . E. : C A NCER) CLEAN UP CELLULAR DEBRIS{PHAGOCYTOSIS} ASSIST IN INJURY REPAIR EACH WBC HAS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

4. ETYMOLOGY: GREEK ROOTS= “LEUK”- “CYTE ” - ”WHITE” ”CELL”

5. BUFFY COAT :

6. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

7. GRANULES: CYTOPLASM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF GRANULES: LESS NUMEROUS,LARGE, REDDISH PURPLE CONTAINS:MYELOPER OXIDASE/ ACID HYDROLASES MOST NUMEROUS TYPE,SMALL WITH PINKISH HUE[NUTRAL STAINING] SO,NOT EASILY SEEN A Z U R OPHIL IC [PRIMARY] GRANULES SECONDARY/SPECIFIC GRANILES

8. GRANULOCYTES THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS WITH GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM ARE CALLED GRANULOCYTES. DEPENDING UPON THE COLOUR OF GRANULES,GRANULOCYTES ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES.

9. AGRANULOCYTES: WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHICH DO NOT CONTAIN GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM ARE CALLED AGRANULOCYTES. TH E Y A R E FU R TH E R DIV I DE D I N T O 2:

10. NORMAL WBC COUNT: TOTAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT[TLC] ADULTS: 4000-11,000/MM3 OF BLOOD AT BIRTH: 10,000-25,000/MM3 OF BLOOD

11. NORMAL PERCENTAGE Type of WBC Normal percentage of overall WBC count neutrophil 45 to 75 percent lymphocyte 20 to 40 percent eosinophil less than 7 percent monocyte 1 to 10 percent basophil less than 3 percent

12. FORMATION OF WBC: The process of development and maturation of wbcs (leucocytes) called leucopoiesis. All blood cells-develop from pluripotent haemopoitic stem cells[ phsc’s ] Leucopoiesis: * Formation of granulocytes [ granulopoiesis ]and monocytes * Formation of lymphocytes[ lymphopoiesis ]

13. FORMATION OF GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTES: Granulocytes and monocytes are formed from bone marrow, which is derived from CFU-GM(colony forming units of granulocytes and monocytes) The progenitor cells[CFU-GM] forming different cells are further named as; CFU-G=neutrophil forming units CFU-E=eosinophil forming units CFU-B-basophil forming units CFU-M=monocyte forming units

14. Development of granulocytes-includes various stages called MYELOID SERIES Development of monocytes –includes various stages called MONOCYTES-MACROPHAGES SERIES

15. MYELOID SERIES: F ACTS ABOUT G R AN U LOPO I ESIS: STAGES: Process of granulopoiesis-12 days Granulocytes are formed and stored in the bone marrow –when needed it is released in the circulation

16. MYELOBLAS T : It is the earliest recognizable cell of the granulocyte series: Size:16-20um Cytoplasm: basophilic Pr e s e n t as thin ri m around the nucleus Devoid of granules Nucleus: Large nearly filling the cells round to oval Fine chromatin 2-5 well defined pale nucleoli marked [+++] Mi t os i s :

17. PROMYELOCYTES: SIZE: 14-18um Cytoplasm : Increased In Amount Presence Of Azurophil Granules[primary Non Specific Granules] Gives +Ve Reaction With The Peroxidase Staining Nucleus: Round Or Oval Slightly Smaller Than Myeloblast Nucleus Condensed Fine Chromatin Nucleoli Present-less Prominent Mitosis: Characteristic Feature{+++}

18. MYELOCYTE: IT IS CALLED MYLOCYTE PROPER ,NEXT CELL IN THE MYLOID SERIES SIZE: 12-16uM CYTOPLASM : SPECIFIC SECONDARY GRANULES PRESENT I D E NTIFI E D A T TH I S S T AGE AS; NEUTROPHIL MYELOCYTE EOSINOPHIL MYELOCYTE BASOPHIL MYELOCYTE -PRIMARY GRANULES ARE ASO PRESENT AT THIS STAGE BUT THEIR FORMATION IS STOPPED NUCLEUS: ECCENTRIC,ROUND-OVAL COARSE NUCLEAR CHROMATIN NO,NUCLEOLI PRESENT MITOSIS: CONTINUES UPTO THIS STAGE MULTIPLICATION OF THESE CELLS ARE MAXIMUM

19. METAMYELOCYTE: SIZE: 10-14uM CYTOPLASM: INCREASED IN AMOUNT MORE LIQUID PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GRANULES ARE PRESENT ACCORDING TO SECONDARY GRANULES IT IS DISTINGUISHED AS; NEUTROPHIL METAMYELOCYTE EOSINOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE BASOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE NUCLEUS: DECREASE IN SIZE LOBED (HORSE SHOE SHAPED) NUCLEAR CROMATIN IS DENSE AND CLUMPED NUCLEOLI ARE ABSENT MI T OSIS: S T OPED A T THIS S T AGE.

20. BAND OR STAB FORM: Also called juvenile granulocytes size: smaller than metamyelocytes Cytoplasm: pink and fine evenly distributed granules Nucleus: further condensation of chromatin Shape: band configuration [v shaped] of uniform thickness which may be twisted.

21. MATURE GRANULOCYTES: W I L L FORM NEUTROPHILS BASOPHILS EOSINOPHILS

22. MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGES SERIES: MONOBLAST PROMONOCYTES MONOCYTES

23. MONOBLAS T : IT IS THE LARGER CELL ,SIMILAR TO MYELOBLAST

24. PROMONOCYTES: IT IS AN YOUNG MONOCYTE SIZE: 20uM NUCLEUS: LARGER KIDNEY SHAPED ONE NUCLEOLI NUCLEAR CHROMATIN: ARRANGED IN A LOOSE NETWORK CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC NO AZUROPHILIC GRANULES -THEY HAVE FINE GRANULES WHICH IS LARGER THAN MATURE MONOCYTES

25. MONOCYTES: RESEMBLES-METAMYELOCYTES NUCLEUS:FINE CHROMATIN FROM BONE MARROW –MONOCYTES---- MIGRATES ---- -SPLEEN LYMPHOID TISSUES TRANSFORMED CELLS IN VARIOUS TISSUES ARE CALLED TISSUE-MACROPHAGES SYSTEM PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS;RETICULO- ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

26. FORMATION OF LYMPHOCYTES:

27. LYMPHOID SERIES:- LYMPHOBLAST: It is the earliest recognizable cell of lymphoid series It is actively dividing cell Nuclear chromatin: slightly clumped and stippled Nuclear membrane: dense

28. PRO-LYMPHOCYTE: It Is The Intermediate Stage Between The L ymphoblas t And M a ture Lymphocytes . Size: 9-18um Nucleus: Round With Slightly Stippled Chromatin: Coarse And Has 0-1 Nucleoli Cytoplasm: Scanty And Non-granular

29. LYMPHOCYTES: Matures into; SMALL L Y MPHOC YT E S LARGE L Y MPHOC YT E S

30. LYMPHOCYTES--  L Y M P HO C Y TE S  -------------------  B-LYMPHOCYTES L Y M P HO C Y TE S  ------THYMOSIN-----  T-LYMPHOCYTES THYMUS LIVER BONE MARROW --------------------  B-LYMPHOCYTES

31. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS: It is the mechanism to control the production and release of leucocytes During tissue injury and inflammation,bacterial toxins etc…cause a great increase in the rate of production and release of leucocytes. The substance that stimulate and inhibit the process are complex

32. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS:

33. ROLE OF CYTOKINES: The cytokines which control the formation of different types of granulocytes are called Colony Stimulating Factor[CSF] CSF is a glycoproteins formed by t and b lymphocytes Also forms: G-CSF: stimulate granulocyte precussors M-CSF: stimulate monocytic precussors G M -CSF : b o th gr an ul o cyte s an d mo n o cyti c pr e cussors -The cytokines that control lymphocyte formation are called interleukins. Eg;IL-1,IL-3 etc…. The interleukins are formed by: MONOCYTES MACROPHAGES ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

34. ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINS: FORMED BY: AND ALSO OTHER AGENTS PL A Y S AN ROL E IN REGULATION . MONOCYTES LACTOFERRIN

35. MORPHOLOGY: NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS SMALL LYMPHOCYTES LARGE LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES

36. NEUTROPHILS; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 10-14um Nucleus: In Young –Horse Shoe Shaped Nucleus As cell grows: multulobed Mature Neutrophil: Purple in colour Mu l t i - lobed [2- 6] The lobes are connected by the chromatin filaments seen clearly through cytoplasm.

37. NEUTROPHILS; CYTOPLASM: Pale bluish in colour Fine pin point granules Takes both acidic and basic stain and violet pink in colour .

38. FUNCTIONS: Phagocytosis Reaction of inflam m a tion Febrile response

39. PHAGO C Y T OS I S: PHAGOCYTOSIS [CELL EATING] REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF ENGULFMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF SOLID PARTICULATE MATERIALS BY THE CELLS. STEPS: Margination Emigration and diapedesis Chemotaxis Opsonization[attachment stage] Engulfment stage Secreating stage[degranulation] Killing or degradation stage

40. VARIATIONS IN COUNTS: PHYSIOLOGICAL: -NEWBORN BABIES -AFTER EXCERSISE -AFTER MEALS -PREGNANCY,MENSURATION,LACTATION - MEN T AL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS -AFTER INJECTION OF EPINEPHERINE

41. EOSI N OPH I LS; [LOOKS SPECTACLE SHAPE] MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 10-14uM NUCLEUS: Purple in colour Bilobed 85 % Tri-lobed 15% CYTOPLASM : Acidophilic and appears bright pink in colour Coarse deep red staining granules which do n ’t cover the nucleus Stains +ve for PEROXIDASE Granules: HISTAMINE, Lysosomal enzyme ,ECF -A

42. FUNC T IO N S: Phagocytosis Role in parasitic infection la r vi c i d a l po l ypep t i d es Eosinophilic cationic protein Eosinophilic peroxidase Role in allergic reaction Role in immunity

43. BASOP H ILS; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE:10-14uM NUCLEUS: I R R EGU L AR, BILOBED OR TRI-LOBED BOUNDARY IS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED BECAUSE OVERCROWDING WITH COARSE GRANULES CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC AND APPEARS BLUE FULL OF GRANULES CONTAINS-HEPARIN,HISTAMINE AND 5-HT

44. FUNC T IO N S: PAGHOCYTOSIS ROLE IN ALLERGIC RACTION ROLE IN PREVENTING SPREAD OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS RELEASE OF HEPARIN

45. LYMPHOCYTES; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 12-16um ……..LARGE 7-10um……….Small Nucleus: Large round Single nucleus which almost completely fill the cell Stains:blue very deeply [In k - spot Ap p ea r an c e] Nuclear Chromatin: Clumped And Shapeless

46. CY T OP L ASM; SCANTY Cresent light blue colour around the nucleus Does not contains visible granules FUNCTIONAL SUB TYPES: SMALL LYMPHOCYTES------------ PROCESSED IN BONE PROCESED IN THYMUS ADCC MARROW  HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY B- L Y MPHOC YT E S T- L Y MPHOC YT E S NK CELLS

47. KINET I CS,L I FE S P AN AND F A TE OF LYMPHOCYTES: B AND T CELLS ENTERS INTO THE CIRCULATION REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR A FEW HOURS LEAK OUT THROUGH THE VENULES SETTLE IN THE PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID TISSUES LYMPH NODE SPLEEN GALT A T A N Y GIV E N TI ME ,O N L Y 2 % OF THE B O D Y L Y M PHOCYT E S ARE I N THE PER.LYMPHOID TISSUE SOME LYMPHOCYTES RE-ENTER THE CIRCULATION THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC DRAINING THE PER.LYMPHOID TISSUES RE-CIRCULATES FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

48. FUNC T IO N S: B-LYMPHOCYTES The plasma cells are responsible for the development of humoral immunity also called Antibodies mediated immunity[ ami ] T-LYMPHOCYTES Responsible for the development of cellular immunity, also called Cell-mediated immunity[CMI] or T-cell immunity

49. MONOCYTES; MORPHOLOGY: S I Z E : Larges t amoung all 1 2 - 20 u M NUCLEUS : Large, single, eccentric Present on one side of the cell Horse Shoe Or Kidney Shaped CYTOPLASM : Abundent P al e -blue a n d usual l y clear No granules Dust like granules called-azure granules are present

50. KINET I CS,L I FE S P AN AND F A TE OF MONOCYTES: AFTER RELEASED FROM THE BONE MARROW REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR 10-20 TO OVER 40 HRS LEAVE THE BLOOD-ENTER INTO EXTRAVASCULAR TISSUES TISSUES……….  MONOCYTES……….  CONVERT  …..MACROPHAGES IN TISSUES THEY CAN LIVE FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

51. FUNC T IO N S: ROLE IN DEFENCE MECHANISM: MONOCYTES+NEUTROPHILS=PHAGOCYTOSIS ROLE IN TUMOUR IMMUNITY: MONOCYTES+LYMPHOCYTES=KILL TUMOUR CELLS SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

52. SUM M A R Y : CELLS COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS NUTROPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES MODIFIED LYSOSOMES PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA EOSINOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES PHA R M A COLOGICAL L Y ACTIVE SUBSTANCE DEFENCE AGAINST P A R A DITES, H EL M I NTHS MODULATION OF I NFLA M A T O R Y PROCESS BASOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES CO N T A I NS HIS T A MIN S A ND HEPARIN RELASE OF HISTAMINS[INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS]

53. SUM M A R Y : MONOCYTES GRANULES WITH LYSOSOMES PHAGOCYTOSIS,AND DIGESTION OF PROTOZOA VIRUS ETC.. B LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNOGLOBULINS PLASMA CELL PRODUCTION T LYMPHOCYTES CONTROL THE ACTIVITY OF OTHER LEUKOCYTES[IL] KILLING OF VIRUS INFECTED CELLS NK CELLS ATTACK VIRUS INFECTED CELL S A N D C A N C ER CELLS WITHOUT PREVIOUS STIMULATION KILLING SOME TUMOUR AND VIRUS INFECTED CELLS

54. THANK YOU  H A V E A NIC E D A Y