Wbc rbc

WBC RBC

1. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (WBC & RBC) Submitted by Sowmiya G 1.M.Sc (N & D)

2. RBC (Red Blood Cells or Red Blood Corpuscles or Erythrocytes)

3. STRUCTURE OF RBC

4. The RBC are circular , non – nucleated , biconcave disc shaped cells . They have a mean diameter of 7.2µ . The thickness is 2.2µ . The central portion of the cell is much thinner than the circumference which appears as a rim around a central depression. This constructive gives the cell a biconcave contour or roughly dumbbell shaped outline when viewed edgewise.

5. ROLEOUX FORMATION The Red cells shows a tendency to adhere to one another by their flat surfaces. The arrangement resembles a group of coins , toppled over and is spoken as the roleoux and the process is called roleoux formation.

6. LIFE SPAN OF THE RBC The average life span of the RBC is (110 to 124 days). There are no specific means provided for its destruction. It simply wears out as a result of stress and strain to which it is subjected and breaks down in the blood stream.

7. NORMAL VALUES OF RBC The average number of RBC in the cubic mm of blood is 4.6 to 5.2 millions in men and 4.2 to 5 million in women. AT birth and infancy they are more in number.

8. FUNCTIONS OF RBC Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide. Help to maintain acid base balance. Help to maintain ionic balance. RBC helps to maintain the viscosity of the blood. Transport nutrients and waste products.

9. WHITE BLOOD CELLS WBCs, also called leukocytes, are an important part of the immune system. These cells help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs that invade the body. White blood cells originate in the bone marrow but circulate throughout the bloodstream.

10. WBC (White Blood Cells or White Blood Corpuscles or Leucocytes) TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF WBC

11. LARGE LYMHOCYTES It is a larger size of the lymphocytes. The nucleus may be round , oval and kidney shaped. These are about 12µm. SMALL LYMHOCYTES These are about 7.5µm. These are smaller than the large lymphocytes.

12. MONOCYTES These are 10 to 18 µm in diameter. It posses relatively large amount of cytoplasm. These cells constitute about 5 to 10 %of the total cells. They are considered to be derived from reticulo endothelial cells.

13. EOSINOPNILS The cytoplasm is packed with coarse granules. It is stained with acid dye. The nucleus is two lobed. These cells constitute 2 to 3 % of the leucocytes population. BASOPHILS The granules are stained with basic dyes. Basophil is scarce in normal blood (not more than 0.5%).

14. NEUTROPHILS They are about 10µ in diameter. They are stained with neutral dye. The majority of the neutrophil possess nuclei which are divided into 2 to 5 lobes. The number of lobes depends upon the age of the cell.

15. NORMAL VALUE OF WBC An average normal range is between 3,500 and 10,500 white blood cells per micro liter of blood (mcL). Infants are often born with much higher numbers of WBCs, which gradually even out as they age. The average number of WBC is 6000 to 8000 per cubic millimeter. The average ratio of WBC and RBC is 1:700.

16. Type of WBC Normal percentage overall WBC count Neutrophil 45 to 75 percent Lymphocyte 20 to 40 percent Eosinophil less than 7 percent Monocyte 1 to 10 percent Basophil less than 3 percent

17. ABNORMAL VALUES OF WBC LOW WBC COUNT A low number of WBCs is called leukopenia. A count less than 4,500 cells per microliter (4.5 × 10 9 /L) is below normal. A lower than normal WBC count may be due to: Bone marrow deficiency or failure. Cancer treating drugs, or other medicines.

18. Disease of the liver or spleen. Radiation treatment for cancer. Cancers that damage the bone marrow. Very severe bacterial infections. Severe emotional or physical stress (such as from an injury or surgery).

19. HIGH WBC COUNT A higher than normal WBC count is called leukocytosis . It may be due to: Certain drugs or medicines . Cigarette smoking. After spleen removal surgery. Infections, most often those caused by bacteria Inflammatory disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis or allergy). Tissue damage (for example, burns).

20. FUNCTIONS OF WBC Form a protective, movable army that help defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short term or acute infections Allergic response & attack parasites Kill parasitic warms; increase during allergy attacks; might phagocytes antigen-antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals

21. Release histamine in allergic attack & first response until more WBCs arrive Granules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation. Role is to attack infections, virus & early stage cancer.

22. Thank you