Week 03 - Osteology (Forelimb Bones).ppt

OSTEOLOGY

1. Thegirdle
*Cingulummembrithoracici(Pectoralgirdle)
Thecolumn
*Stylopodium
Brachium(theupperarm)(humerus)
*Zeugopodium
Antebrachium(theforearm)(radius-ulna)
Theextremity
*Autopodium
Skeletonmanus
-Basipodium
Ossacarpi
-Metapodium
Ossametacarpi
-Acropodium
Ossadigitorummanus
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Forelimb

2. Pectoral girdle is the set of bones which
connect the limb to the axial skeleton. It
comprise three main bones;
All three bones are fully developed in reptiles
and flying birds.
Coracoid
Clavicula
Scapula
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Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle

3. Coracoid is totally regressed and represented
only a bony process on the scapula in man
and domestic mammals
Clavicula
Scapula
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Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle

4. Coracoid
Clavicula (collar bone) is a fully developed rod-
shaped bone in man but it becomes reduced in
domestic mammals. The rudimentary clavicle is
embedded in the muscle as a small ossicle (fe),
a cartilage (ca) or a tendinous band (Un)
Scapula
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Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle

5. Pectoral girdle is the set of bones which
connect the limb to the axial skeleton
Coracoid
Clavicula
Scapulais the main structure of shoulder girdle
in domestic mammals. It is well-developed and
carries the foreleg. It is connected to body by
extrinsic scapular muscles
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Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle

6. The scapula is the most familiar wide flat, triangular bone. The shape of the bone likes
a trowel or small shovel, so the name originates from in Greek word «skaptein-to dig»
It placed on a cranio-lateral aspect of the thoracic cage with almost 60°to ground
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SCAPULA –Shoulder blade

7. The scapula has 3 edges, 3 angles and 2 sides
Margo dorsalis
cartilago scapulae
(wd in Ru,Su and eq)
Margo cranialis
inc.scapulae
Margo caudalis
Angulus cranialis
Angulus caudalis
Angulus ventralis
Facies costalis
Facies lateralis
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SCAPULA –Shoulder blade

8. Facies costalis
Facies serrata : the serrate muscles attach
Fossa subscapularis : excavated area
providing attachment for the muscles
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Scapula

9. Facies lateralis
Spina scapulae : Palpated long projection dividing the scapula’s lateral surface
Tuber spinae scapulae (su, eq)
Acromion (Ru, Car) : The expanded distal end of the spine
Proc. Hamatus (Car) : Well-developed acromion
Proc. Suprahamatus (metacromion) (fe) : The caudal extension of the
acromion
Fossa supraspinata : The area cranial to the spine
Fossa infraspinata . The area caudal to the spine
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Scapula

10. Collum scapulae
Tuberculum supraglenoidale : The process on the cranial aspect of glenoid cavity
for the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle
Processus coracoideus : the remnant of coracoid placed near the median side of
supraglanoid tubercle
Cavitas glenoidalis : Deep hollow for the head of humerus
Inc. glenoidalis
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Scapula

11. Humerus is a long bone and the largest one of
the arm consisting of 3 main parts ;
Extremitas proximalis
Corpus humeri
Extremitas distalis
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BRACHIUM (Humerus)

12. Tuberculum majus : Greater lateral process to attach many of
muscles. It is also divided into cranial and caudal parts
Tuberculum minus : Lesser process on the medial side of the
head
Sulcus intertubercularis : The groove between the tubercles
through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs.
Tuberculum intermedium(eq) : A prominence in the equine’s
intertubercular groove
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Humerus
Extremitas proximalis
Caput humeri : rounded head articulating
with scapula’s glenoid cavity and forms the
shoulder joint
Collum humeri : the narrow neck under the
head of bone

13. Corpus humeri
Tuberositas deltoidea: The large tuberosity
on the lateral side of the bone shaft. The
deltoid muscle projects from the spine of
scapula to the deltoid tuberosity.
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BRACHIUM (Humerus)

14. Extremitas distalis
Condylus humeriforms the distal part of the bone
Trochlea and capitulum humeri(in Man and Car.)
Fossa olecraniis a deeply excavated part for ulna
Fossa radialisis a shallow surface just above the
trochlea
For.supratrochleare(ca, su) -For.supracondylare(fe)
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BRACHIUM (Humerus)

15. RADIUS
ULNA
spatium interosseum antebrachii
Pronation-supination
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ANTEBRACHIUM -Forearm

16. Caput radii
fovea capitis radii
Collum radii
tuberositas radii
Corpus radii
crista transversa
Trochlea radii
facies articularis carpea
proc. styloideus medialis et lateralis
inc. ulnaris
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RADIUS

17. Olecranon
 tuber olecrani
-one (eq, su, ov, cap)
-two (bo)
-three (Car)
 proc.anconeus
 proc.coronoideus medialis
 proc.coronoideus lateralis
 inc.trochlearis
 inc.radialis
Corpus ulnae
 proc.styloideus
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ULNA

18. Manus: Distal part and the last element
of the forelimb.
Skeleton manus:
Ossa carpi
Ossa metacarpi
Ossa digitorum manus
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SKELETON OF MANUS
The size, number and function of the bones are different among mammals depending on
the foot posture. According to phylogenetic position of the animals the foot posture
changes and reduction is occured on the digits. The mammals divide into 3 main groups on
the basis of their types of foot posture;
1-Plantigrade (Man, primates, some carnivores such as bears and raccoon, rodents, rabbit)
2-Digitigrade (carnivores)
3-Unguligrade (pigs, ruminants and equines)

19. Ossa carpi (wrist bones)
Ossa metacarpi (instep)
Ossa digitorum manus (phalanges)
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SKELETON OF MANUS

20. Skeleton of te carpus is formed by the two rows of small rounded bones.
Proximal row: Os carpi radiale – intermedium – ulnare – accessorium
(scaphoid) (lunate) (triquetrum) (pisiform)
Distal row: Os carpale primum – secundum – tertium –quartum
(trapezium) (trapezoid) (capitate) (hamate)
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CARPUS-CARPAL BONES-OSSA CARPI

21. The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones
or absence of one or more bones
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The Wrist bone –Ossa carpi

22. The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones
or absence of one or more bones
The pig has the generalized pattern of eight bones
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The Wrist bone –Ossa carpi

23. The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones
or absence of one or more bones
The Carnivores have 7 carpal bones due to fusion of the radil and intermediate carpal
bones at the proximal row. (os carpi intermedioradiale)
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The Wrist bone –Ossa carpi

24. The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones
or absence of one or more bones
The equine has also 7 carpal bones. The missing bone is the first carpal bones of
distal row.
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The Wrist bone –Ossa carpi

25. The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones
or absence of one or more bones
The ruminants have 6 carpal bones because of the 1st carpal bone is absent and 2nd
and 3rd bones are fused at the distal row.
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The Wrist bone –Ossa carpi

26. The shape and position ;
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The Wrist bones-Ossa carpi

27. Metacarpus consists of five bones between carpus and digits, numbered 1-5 from
medial to lateral
Os metacarpalia I –II –III –IV –V
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OSSA METACARPI

28. The carnivors have the generalized pattern of
five bones. The 1st bone is reduced and bears
no weight (The 1st digit doesn’t touch the
ground)
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OSSA METACARPI

29. The pig has four bones in metacarpus. The 1st bone is missing, 2nd and 5tf are greatly
reduced and dont bear the weight.
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OSSA METACARPI

30. The ruminants have two metacarpal bones. The 1st and 2nd bones are missing. The
3rd and 4th are fused (the large metacarpal bone –cannon bone). The 5th is reduced
and unfunctional (the small metacarpal bone).
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OSSA METACARPI
Anatomy;
Basis
-Tuberositas ossis metacarpalia III
Body
-Sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis (Ru)
-Sulcus longitudinalis palmaris (Ru)
-Canalis metacarpi proximalis (Ru)
-Canalis metacarpi distalis (Ru)
Caput
-Verticillus
-inc.intercapitalis

31. The horses have 3 metacarpal bones totally. The 1st and 5th bones are absent. The
2nd and 4th bones (splint bones) are greatly reduced. The large 3rd bone (the cannon
bone) is the only metacarpal to articulate with the digit and bears the all weight
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OSSA METACARPI

32. Digits: The term of the digit correspond to finger and toes of man. There are 5 digits
in the generalized digital pattern numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral. It generally
consists of 3 phalanges.
The shape, size and numbers of the digits and phalanges different among mammals.
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
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DIGITS and DIGITAL BONES

33. They have four main weight bearing digits
and a dew claw (1st digit)
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
-Extensor process
-Flexor process
-Ungual process: is a tapered, cone shaped
process covered by horny claw
-Horny claw: corresponds to finger nail and
covers the ungula process
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Digits in Carnivore

34. They have four digits. The 1st is missing.
The 3rd and 4th are fully developed bearing
weight digits. The 2nd and 5th are reduced
and don’t bear weight.
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
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Digits in Pig

35. They have four digits. The 3rd and 4th are fully developed bearing weight digits. The
2nd and 5th are not palpable. There are vestiges and locate behind the fetlock
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
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Digits in Ruminant

36. They have one digit. It consists of three phalanges
Phalanx proximalis (long pastern)
-Basis
-Corpus
Trigonum phalangis prox.
-Caput
Phalanx media (short pastern)
Phalanx distalis (coffin bone)
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Digits in Equine

37. Facies articularis joints with medial one
Margocoronalis
proc.extensorius
(m.ext.digit.comm.)
Facies parietalis : next to the hoof wall
processus palmaris
sulcus palmaris
Margosolearis
Facies solearis ; facing the ground
Canalis solaris
Linea semilunaris
Planumcutaneum
Faciesflexoria
(m.flex.digit.prof.)
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Distal Phalanx in Horse

38. Ossa sesamoidea proximalia
(on the palmar side of the metacarpophalengeal joint)
Eq;2 –Ru;2 –Su;8 –Car;10
Os sesamoideum distale
(on the palmar side of the distal interphalangeal joint)
Eq;1 –Ru;2 –Su;2 –Car;5 (kıkırdak)
Ossa sesamoidea dorsalia ( car;5)
(on the dorsal side of the proximal interphalangeal joint)
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OSSA SESAMOIDEA

39. Ossa sesamoidea proximalia
(on the palmar side of the metacarpophalengeal joint)
Eq;2 –Ru;2 –Su;8 –Car;10
Os sesamoideum distale
(on the palmar side of the distal interphalangeal joint)
Eq;1 –Ru;2 –Su;2 –Car;5 (kıkırdak)
Ossa sesamoidea dorsalia ( car;5)
(on the dorsal side of the proximal interphalangeal joint)
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OSSA SESAMOIDEA