Week 1- Global Energy Overview Fossil Fuel_Sept22.pdf

fuel and energy

1. Fuel and Energy Utilization
(ECE4433)
Global Energy Overview and Fossil Fuels
(Week 1)
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
with Honours
PowerPoint
®
Slides

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Chapter Overview
•World Energy Consumption
•U.S. Energy Consumption
•Petroleum
•Natural gas
•Coal
02/09/2022

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Learning Objectives
•Toprovidetheunderstandingandknowledgeonthe
worldenergyconsumption,USenergyconsumption,and
themarketdevelopmentfossilfuels(petroleum,natural
gas,coal)
02/09/2022

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Learning Outcomes
•Studentshouldbeabletounderstandthetrendofworld
energyconsumption,USenergyconsumption,and
marketdevelopmentsoffossilfuels(petroleum,natural
gasandcoal)
02/09/2022

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World Energy Consumption
•Worldenergyconsumptionhasbeensteadilyincreasing
foravarietyofreasons:
enhancementsinqualityoflife
populationincrease
Industrialization
rapideconomicgrowthofdevelopingcountries
increasedtransportationofpeopleandgoods,etc.
•Therearemanytypesoffuelavailableworldwide,thedemandfor
whichstronglydependsonapplicationanduse,locationand
regionalresources,cost,“cleanness”andenvironmentalimpact
factors,safetyofgenerationandutilization,socioeconomicfactors,
globalandregionalpolitics,etc.
9/2/2022
Enhancement of
quality life
Population
increase
Industrialization
Rapid economic
growth (Dev.
Countries)
Increased
transportation

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World Energy Consumption (cont’d)
•TheenergyutilizationcycleconsistsofTHREEphases,
allofwhichmustbecloselybalancedforanideal
energyinfrastructure.
•Anybottleneckingorshortagewouldimmediatelyaffectthe
entirecycleasalimitingfactor.
•Example:Decreaseinproductionofacertaintypeoffuel(eg:
diesel)
•Whathappenstothedistributionandconsumption?
•Whatarethepossible/inevitableremedies
•Fuelswitching&forcedconservation.
9/2/2022
Generation Distribution Consumption

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World Energy Consumption (cont’d)
•Supplyanddemandprinciple:theconsumerpriceofthis
fueltypewouldRISEorFALL?.
•Q:Canyougiveanotherexampleofshortagescenario?
•Anotherexample:
Breakdown in the transportation system
Consequences (at least for a limited time):
9/2/2022
Generation Distribution Consumption
Fuel
Shortage
Price
Hike
affect the consumer market directly

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World Energy Consumption (cont’d)
•Coalandhydroelectricpower:slowestincreaseinconsumption.
But,botharemoreconventionalandwellestablished.
•Renewableandnuclearenergy:
9/2/2022
➢thesteepestincreases.emergingenergysourceswiththe
greatestfutureintheworldenergymarket
➢strongpotentialasalternativefuelsthatultimatelywillreplaceand
supplementtheconventionalfueltypesinavarietyofapplications
andenduses

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World Energy Consumption (cont’d)
9/2/2022
➢Fossilfuels:[Naturalgas]vs[coal/petroleum]
•Outpacedorslowerconsumption?
•Why?
•strongerdemandsfornaturalgasinindustrialandresidential
heating
•increasedinstallationsofnatural-gas-basedelectricpowerplants
•newdiscoveriesoflargenaturalgasdeposits
•Severaltimesinthe21
st
century,theworldhasexperiencedsignificant
shortagesandpricehikesofnaturalgas,mainlyduetoimbalances
betweensupplyanddemand

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Dual challenge in global energy system
04/12/2013

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US Energy Consumption
9/2/2022
•What’s the consumption rate for the 50 years?
Oil crisis 1973
energy process
development efforts & public
awareness
•energy prices were
stable
•Research in energy
process development
took a backseat

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US Energy Consumption
•Petroleum and coal: steady increases in annual consumption.
•Natural gas & Nuclear energy: mild increment
•Hydropower??
•Nonhydrorenewables: increased but low market share

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US Energy Consumption
•Projection changing:
➢Theenergycrisesof1973and2005(shortage
ofpetroleumcrudesupplyintheglobalmarket,
mainlydrivenbyincreasedtransportationfuel
needs).
➢Thedemandforalternativetransportationfuels
➢Strong attention on renewable
energies
➢high petroleum crude oil price of 2006
➢Hurricane Katrina of2004and its
aftermath

14. ACTIVITY/TUTORIAL
-Energy Crisis 1973 and 2005
-Hurricane Katrina
-Relation to Supply and Demand

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Activity
Oil crisis 1973 Oil crisis 2000’sHurricane Katrina
Cause(s)
Consequences
Relation to
Supply &
Demand
04/12/2013

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Petroleum
04/12/2013

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Petroleum
•Worldpetroleumconsumptionhasgrownatanaverage
rateof1.04%ayear.
•Althoughthisrateofincreasemayappeartobemild,it
mustbenotedthatpetroleumresourcesarefiniteand
canbedepletedovertheyears.
9/2/2022

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Petroleum
•WesternEurope:steadilyconstant.
•Asia,Oceania,andtheMiddleEast:increasedveryrapidly
•largenumberofrapidlydevelopingeconomiesintheregion.
•Notthemajoroilproducer
9/2/2022
•https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-says-world-needs-more-oil-and-gas-11661772916

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Petroleum (cont’d)
HOW MANY YEARS LEFT FOR US TO USE
PETROLEUM?
•Estimationoftheyearsforwhichpetroleumcanbe
suppliedandconsumedatthecurrentconsumption
ratehasbeenoftenmadebyprofessionalsand
policymakers,butthenumbershavebeeninconsistent
andfluctuatingfromyeartoyear:
Why?
•thedifficultyofestimatingthefuturerecoverable
amountofpetroleumfromalltheprovedandunproved
reserves.
9/2/2022

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Petroleum
04/12/2013

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Petroleum (cont’d)
•Breakdownofcrudeoil
production(OPECvsNon-
OPEC).
•Oppositetrend(1979–1993)
•Paralleltrend(1993onwards)
•InUS,petroleumisthemost
importanttransportfuel(cars,
trucks,trains,ships,
airplanes,etc).
•SeriousR&D effortto
develop vehicleswith
alternativeenergies(eg:e-
car,hydrogenfuelcar)
9/2/2022
World petroleum crude oil production
https://www.eia.gov/finance/markets/crudeoil/supply-
nonopec.php
OPEC(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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Natural gas
•Naturalgashasgainedpopularityamongmanyindustrial
sectors.Itburnscleanerthancoalorpetroleum,thus
providingenvironmentalbenefits.
•Itisdistributedmainlyviapipelinesandinaliquidphase
(calledliquefiednaturalgas(LNG))transportedacross
oceansbytankers.
9/2/2022

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•Steadilyincreasedat2.6%per
year.
•WorldNGreserveis6079trillion
ft
3
(asofJan2004)
•Withcurrentconsumption,NG
wouldbeenoughfor64years,
excluding factors like
technologicaladvances &
discoveryofnewdeposits.
•Naturalgasisthethirdmost-
usedenergysourceintheUS
(23%)afterpetroleumandcoal
•Unit-BillionCubicFeet
9/2/2022

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Natural gas (cont’d)
9/2/2022

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Natural gas (cont’d)
9/2/2022

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Natural gas (cont’d)
9/2/2022
•https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/world

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Principle uses of natural gas
04/12/2013
Plastics,fertilizers,
photofilms,insect
repellent, glues,
methanol,etc
Heating homes,
cooking
Electricpowergeneration
-Burnscleaner
-Moreefficientthancoal
-Lessemissionproblem
-Limitedmarket
share
-Low energy
densitypervolume

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Natural gas transportation
•Distributed mainly via pipelines.
•Can be liquified by cooling to 162
o
C→615 times more volumes (compressed)
04/12/2013

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Coal
•Coalwasonceanimportanttransportationfuelforpoweringsteam
engines,however,coalnowadaysisrarelyused.
•Coalreservesareestimatedat1001billiontons,whichisenoughfor
184years.
•EnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)predictsstableworldwide
consumptionofcoalforelectricpowergenerationandindustrialuse.
9/2/2022

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Coal
•Mainlyusedfor
•Gaseousandliquidfuels
•Hydrocarbonfeedstocks
•Coalhasbeenafocaltargetforsyntheticconversioninto
otherformoffuels,i.e.synfuels.
•Coalcanbeliquified,gasified,pyrolyzedandco-
processedwithotherfuelslikeoil,biomassandmunicipal
solidwaste.
9/2/2022

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References
Lee, S., Speight, J.G., Loyalka, S.K. (2007). Handbook of
Alternative Fuel Technologies, Taylor & Francis.
04/12/2013