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Earth and Life Science

1. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

2. LESSON 1 MODULE 1 ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH (THE PLANET EARTH)

3. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE It presents the history of the Earth through geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s structure, composition, and processes. Issues, concerns, and problems pertaining to natural hazards are also included. It also deals with the basic principles and processes in the study of biology.

4. HOW WELL YOU KNOW OUR PLANET EARTH?

5. WHAT MAKES OUR PLANET DIFFERENT FROM OTHER PLANETS?

6. EARTH: A HABITABLE PLANET

7. FACTORS THAT MAKES A PLANET HABITABLE TEMPERATURE WATER ATMOSPHERE ENERGY NUTRIENTS

8. TEMPERATURE Ideal temperature to support life is between 15°C to 115 °C

9. water Water is essential to all life forms.

10. ATMOSPHERE It should have a thick atmosphere to protect life from harmful rays and foreign objects from space.

11. ENERGY Sun or any chemical energy is used to run chemical reactions necessary for life.

12. Nutrients Chemicals necessary to make proteins and carbohydrates, organisms cannot grow.

13. Lesson 2 MODULE 2 ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH (The Subsystem)

14. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS There are four (4) subsystems: Atmosphere (air) Geosphere (earth/land) Hydrosphere (water) Biosphere (life)

15. ATMOSPHERE It is the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface, primarily composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases made the remaining 1% It supports life by providing OXYGEN for animals and CARBON DIOXIDE for plants. It also supports life indirectly by regulating climate. It serves as a blanket for harmful radiation during the day and keeps the Earth warm during the night.

16. geosphere The geosphere includes all the rocks that make up Earth, from the partially melted rock under the crust, to ancient, towering mountains, to grains of sand on a beach. It includes the core, mantle, and the crust of the Earth. It also provides a habitat for different life forms.

17. hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet’s hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. Just like the geosphere, it also provides a habitat for different life forms.

18. biosphere The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests and high mountaintops. Since life exists on the ground, in the air, and in the water, the biosphere overlaps all these spheres.

19. A Guided Tour of the Universe Galileo Galilei - an Italian Scientist - built his telescope based on the work of Dutch spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey - Galilei became the 1 st person to discover the craters of the moon, the spots on the sun, & Jupiter’s 4 moons among others. - also discovered that the Milky Way galaxy consists of millions of stars. Isaac Newton - English scientist - made a more advanced telescope - he revealed that the planets move because of a certain force between them and the sun, which he called gravitational force. Galilei and Newton established a very significant foundation in studying science.

20. The Beginning of the Universe Big bang theory - was 1st suggested by a Belgian priest, Georges Lemaitre, in the 1920s - it states how the universe began with a big explosion. Scientist further studied & looked for evidences for the big bang theory: 1st Evidence- the expansion of the universe 2nd Evidence- cosmic microwave background radiation (this radiation was thought to be the oldest remnant of the big bang).

21. Some other Theories on the Formation of the Universe (Accepted for a while but were eventually dubbed as ridiculous because they had no scientific basis) Steady State Universe Theory - new matter is quietly but continually appearing out of nothing from the spaces in the galaxies. Oscillating Universe Theory - another big bang will occur when the universe starts to run down. Nebular hypothesis/Planetesimal Theory - as gas swirled around, eddies of gas caused the formation of the sun & planet.

22. Fission Theory bursting of the sun sent out the planets & moons. Capture Theory planets & moons were wandering around and were captured by the sun. Accretion Theory - small chunks of materials gradually combined and formed Earth, then more chunks formed the moon. Planetary Collision Theory - earth collided with a small planet, producing the moon.

23. Stellar- Collision Theory - 2 stars collided and formed the planets and moons. Gas Cloud Theory - gas cloud were pulled by sun’s gravity, then formed into planets and moons.

24. Before the big bang theory was introduced, the ancient Greeks believed in the geocentric model. • Geocentric- means that the Earth is at the center of the Universe. • Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish astronomer - proposed a different model of the universe which eventually made the sun as the center of the universe, this was the heliocentric model, which means “sun-centered”

25. • Johannes Kepler - German astronomer - polished the heliocentric model and proposed that planets move around the sun in an elliptical motion. • Copernican Revolution - this was a very controversial and popular scientific revolution at that time when the other theories and model of the universe were disproved. • Heliocentric- means that the Sun is at the center of the Universe.

26. 5 Goldilocks factors 1. Closeness to the sun . The Earth’s distance from the sun is 151.2 million kilometers. This distance enabled the Earth to get the much-needed heat and light, without which, this planet will become an ice-coated rock. The sun generates the weather patterns, warms the waters, stirs the atmosphere, and gives radiant energy for the plants to manufacture their own food so that oxygen and food that organisms need will be sufficient.

27. 2. Earth’s atmosphere . Compared to other planets, the Earth is the only planet in the solar system with an atmosphere that can support life. Its atmosphere contains not only oxygen (21%) that we breathe but also other gases such as nitrogen (78%), argon (0.93%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%) with some traces of neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, and water vapor. The stability of Earth’s atmosphere generally brings a calm weather. It may rain or shine or snow but the weather will not change quickly. Earth’s atmosphere also has ozone layer which protects all life forms from the harmful radiation from the sun. This layer helps to warm the planet by day and cools it at night.

28. 3. Earth’s consistent temperature . While the average temperature of Venus is 4620C and Mars’ is -600C, Earth’s average temperature is 150C. This temperature allows liquid water to exist and gives a stable environment for organisms to live, grow, and even multiply. Although some organisms may thrive in extreme temperatures, this limiting factor poses a great threat to the existence of most organisms. Hence, it is an advantage being in this planet with a consistent temperature that supports life.

29. 4. Earth’s moon . Without the moon, Earth’s rotation would be way faster which would make our 1 day in just 4 hours. Because of the moon’s presence, the Earth is rotating at a comfortable 24 hour-period which also stabilized the rotation on its axis. In addition, the gravitational pull of the moon created tides and unique marine ecosystem called intertidal zone where marine animals survive the waves and land conditions.

30. 5. Diversity of Life . Biodiversity creates food chains that sustain the survival and evolution of organisms. Biodiversity and evolution are but products of the interaction of organisms with their environment. Organisms adapt to their available resources to survive. This is a significant biological event as catastrophes may happen and only a few specie of organisms could continue their generation. The adaptability of these biodiversity made each of the species successful in maintaining the web of life on earth

31. ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which among the given factors creates food chains that sustain the life of organisms? a. Temperature c. Water b. Atmosphere d. Diversity of Life

32. 2. Which among the given factors makes Earth unique in maintaining its temperature suitable for life? a. Moon c. Atmosphere b. Closeness to the sun d. Water

33. 3. Which among the given factors protects life forms on Earth from the harmful radiation of the sun? a. Water c. Temperature b. Atmosphere d. Moon

34. 4. Which among the given factors slows down Earth’s rotation and creates tides? a. Moon c. Closeness to the sun b. Water d. Diversity of life

35. 5. What factor enabled the plants to make food using the raw materials, water and carbon dioxide? a. Sunlight c. Atmosphere b. Water d. Moon

36. 6. Which of the following is a requirement for every living cell to drive its chemical reactions? a. Temperature c. Water b. Atmosphere d. Sun

37. 7. Which among the given factors enabled water in different phases to exist on Earth? a. Temperature c. Diversity of Life b. Atmosphere d. Sun

38. 8. Which factor warms the oceans and creates weather patterns? a. Earth’s closeness to the sun b. Earth’s consistent temperature c. Earth’s diversity of life d. Earth’s moon

39. 9. Which factor helps to warm the planet by day and makes it cool at night? a. Earth’s weather b. Earth’s moon c. Earth’s atmosphere d. Earth’s water availability

40. 10. What factor makes the Earth a more livable planet by stabilizing its climate? a. Earth’s biodiversity b. Earth’s moon c. Earth’s atmosphere d. Earth’s water availability

41. 11. How do the ebbs and tides enabled organisms to be better adapted to their environment? a. Organisms can make them better swimmers. b. Organisms are better adapted to the salinity of the oceans. c. Organisms are better adapted to the waves of the oceans. d. Organisms can tolerate longer periods of time of being exposed to the air.

42. 12. What would happen when the earth has no atmosphere? a. The earth would be much hotter. b. The earth would be much colder. c. The earth would have lots of clouds. d. The earth would be the same in temperature.

43. 13. What makes the Earth a Goldilocks planet? a. It maintains its atmosphere with the gases for organisms to use. b. It has enough available water and air needed by the organisms. c. It has all the factors that are “just right” for the organisms to live. d. It has a consistent temperature that is “just right” for us to live.

44. 14. How does diversity of life become an important factor in our existence? a. It makes the populations grow without limits. b. It enables organisms to reproduce its own kind. c. It makes ecosystems thrive with the population of producers. d. It makes ecosystems productive with the roles that each species plays.

45. 15. Why is the earth’s distance from the sun suitable for life forms to exist? a. It gives the earth heat and light. b. It maintains the temperature of the earth. c. It provides the earth with available water for organisms. d. It supplies the earth with enough gases in the atmosphere.

46. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: “Terraforming Mars” Can man change or adjust Mars’ environment to make it more suitable for human habitation? How? List down your answers on the table. 1 2 3 4 5

47. Activity 2: Creating a Planet Fill up the data needed in your created planet. My planet is called _______________. It is located in the __________________. The weather is _____________________. It would have ____________kinds of organisms. The individual who live there are called ________________________. The individual look like this. The planet looks like this.

48. Activity 3: The human population has increased rapidly since the 1700’s. For most of human history, there were fewer than half- billion people on Earth. In mid- 2009, 6.7 billion people inhabited our planet. Because of these, extensive pollution is everywhere. As a student, what can you do to save not only a particular system, but the Earth itself? Tabulate your answer on a sheet of paper, Copy the template below. MY ENVIRONMENTAL “TO DO” LIST 1 2 3 4 5