WEEK 2 - Cradle of Early Science In STS.pptx

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1. Cradle of Early Science WEEK TWO

2. Development of Science in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica includes the entire America. From Southern Mexico up to the Border of South America. There is no doubt that Mesoamerican Region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrivals of its European Civilization.

3. The Maya Civilization One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2000 years. They’re known for their works in Astronomy. They incorporated their advance understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allowed them to use their temples for astronomical observation. The advancement of their knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. They are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar system. (Tzolkin the Devine Calendar w/ 260 days and Haab the Civil Calendar w/ 365 days.)

4. The Maya Civilization They also developed the technology for growing different crops and building cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They also built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called Mica. They are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. They’re also famous as one of the first civilizations to use a writing system also known as the Mayan Hieroglyphics .

5. Inca Civilization. Inca’s made advance scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday: Roads paved with stones; Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters; Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land; ( aqueduct system) Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festival and prepare them for planting season; The first suspension bridge; Quipu , a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistics achievements

6. Aztec Civilization Aztec civilization also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following: Mandatory Education. Aztec civil. Valued educations. Their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. Chocolates. They developed chocolates during their times. Mayan culture used it as their currency. Antispasmodic Medication. They used this type of medication to prevent muscle spams and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. Chinampa . It is form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. Aztec Calendar. This enable them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting seasons. Invention of the Canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water system.

7. Development of Science in Asia Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, china, and the Middle East civilization. These civilization were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.

8. India India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful for their everyday life. They’re also known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works They are also famous in medicine. Example for that is the Ayurveda. A traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC. Susruta Samhita : Describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in ancient India. They are also notable in the field of Astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe. Sama (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapter of the Siddhanta Shiromani .

9. India According to Sama (2008), Siddhanta Shiromani is an ancient text covered topics such as; mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planet; three problems of diurnal rotation; syzgies ; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; and the paths of the Sun and Moon. Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. Bisht (1982) noted that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent is appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization . According to Bisht (1982 ), the people of this civilization tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-daro ruler Aryabhata (476-550): Introduced a number of trigonometric function, tables, and techniques, as wells as algorithms of Algebra Brahmagupta : He suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both placeholder and a decimal digit along with the Hindu-Arabic Numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Madhava : Considered as the founder of mathematical analysis.

10. China One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its Asian neighbor countries and other countries that belong to the old Silk Road. They are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of acupuncture. In terms of techonology , Chinese are known to develop may tools. Famous Discoveries of Chinese Civilization are; compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing press tools. They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propellers. They developed a design of different models of bridge, and invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility.

11. China In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world ( Mayall , 1939). China made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were made along with: Mathematics Logic Philosophy; and Medicine However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern science. According to Needham (1986) it may have been the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals that made them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.

12. Middle East Countries. Middle East countries are dominated occupied by Muslim. Islam spread in the 7 th and 8 th century, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden age of Islam lasted until the 13 th Century. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al- Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Al- Jabr : A derived term of algebra named after Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, and now known as the Arabic Numeral System that originally from India. Muslim chemists and alchemists also played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular, some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the "Father of Chemistry" ( Derewenda , 2007; Warren, 2005).

13. Middle East Countries. In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials ( Jacquart , 2008). Ibn Siwa notable works in medicine are “Book of healing” and “The Canon of Medicine” were used as standard medicinal text both the Muslim world and Europe during 17 th Century Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000). There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contribution in the field of Science, Mathematics, and Social Sciences. The decline of this golden age of Islam started on the 11 th and 13 th century due to conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were destroyed.

14. Development of Science in Africa Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. They were colonized by the Europeans. Early civilization in Africa are knowledge producers, too. Egyptian Civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the field of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of Egyptian living along the Nile river. The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt. The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced civilization. Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.

15. Development of Science in Africa Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of studying science. Astronomy was also famous in the African Region. African used three types of calendars: Lunar, and solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.

16. Development of Science in Africa North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar. Lebombo Bone is also considered to be as the oldest known mathematical artifact that dated from 35,000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those times, such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.

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