Week-6 Case Study 1 Apartheid in South Africa.pptx

Week-6 Case Study 1 Apartheid in South Africa.pptx

1. CASE STUDY 1: APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA Week 6

2. What was Apartheid? Apartheid (Afrikaans for "apartness") was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It classified South Africans into four racial groups: White (European descent), Black (African), Coloured (mixed-race), and Indian (South Asian descent). These classifications determined access to resources, rights, and opportunities.

3. Key Aspects of Apartheid Racial Classification : Citizens were classified into racial groups, primarily Black, Indian, Colored (non-white), and White. Geographic Segregation : Laws forced non-white citizens, especially Black South Africans, to live in separate residential areas known as townships or homelands, away from white communities. Separate Facilities: Public facilities, such as beaches and toilets, were segregated by race. Social and Political Restrictions : Non-white South Africans were denied basic rights, including voting, and their freedom to pursue interracial relationships was prohibited. Enforced by Law : The apartheid system was a legal framework based on a series of government laws implemented by the National Party, which won the 1948 election.

4. Historical Context of Apartheid (1652-1948) Dutch settlers (Boers) arrived in 1652, establishing a colony at the Cape with slavery and land dispossession from Khoisan peoples. British colonization (1806) intensified conflicts, including the Anglo-Boer Wars (1880-1881, 1899-1902), leading to the Union of South Africa in 1910—a whites-only dominion. Early laws like the 1913 Natives Land Act restricted Black land ownership to 7% of territory (later 13%), forcing many into urban labor reserves. 1920s-1930s: "Segregationist" policies under the Pact Government (e.g., Hertzog's "color bar" in jobs) laid groundwork, but economic pressures from industrialization (mines, factories) drew Black workers to cities.

5. Historical Context of Apartheid 1948 Post-WWII elections: National Party (NP), representing Afrikaner nationalism, won on a platform of "apartheid" to counter fears of Black urbanization and "swart gevaar " (Black peril). Influenced by Calvinist ideology (Dutch Reformed Church) and Nazi racial theories, though NP denied direct links.

6. Key Policies and Mechanisms of Apartheid Apartheid was implemented through a web of over 100 laws, enforced by police, military, and bureaucracy. Policies divided society spatially, economically, and politically. For example: Population Registration Act (1950): Every citizen classified by race; appeals rare and humiliating (e.g., "pencil test" for hair texture to distinguish Coloured from Black). Group Areas Act (1950): Designated residential areas by race; forced removals displaced 3.5 million people (mostly Black) to townships like Soweto.

7. Key Policies and Mechanisms of Apartheid Pass Laws (expanded from 1952): Black people (men first, then women) required "passbooks" for movement; violations led to arrest (over 17 million by 1986). Bantu Education Act (1953): Segregated, inferior schooling for Blacks ("to teach them subservience"); funded at 1/10th the rate of White education. Mines and Works Act (1956): Reserved skilled jobs for Whites; influx control limited Black urbanization.

8. Key Policies and Mechanisms of Apartheid Bantu Authorities Act (1951) and Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959): It c reated "Bantustans" (homelands)—10 ethnic reserves for Blacks (e.g., Transkei, Ciskei)—covering 13% of land but 75% of population. The goal was to deny citizenship to 80% of Black South Africans, labeling them "foreigners" in "White" South Africa. The result was overcrowded, impoverished enclaves reliant on migrant labor.

9. Key Policies and Mechanisms of Apartheid Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953): "Separate but equal" facilities (e.g., beaches, buses)—Whites got better versions. Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and Immorality Act (1950): Banned interracial relationships; thousands prosecuted.

10. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Nelson Mandela 18 July 1918- 5 December 2013 Led Defiance Campaign in1952; Negotiated end of apartheid; First Black President (1994-1999). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts.

11. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Oliver Tambo (born October 27, 1917, Bizana, Pondoland district, Transkei [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa—died April 24, 1993, Johannesburg) was the president of the South African black-nationalist African National Congress (ANC) between 1967 and 1991. He spent more than 30 years in exile (1960–90). He cofounded the ANC Youth League, which revitalized the ANC

12. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) He was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress (ANC). Between terms as ANC Secretary-General (1949–1954) and ANC Deputy President (1991–1994), he was Accused No.2 in the Rivonia Trial and was incarcerated on Robben Island where he served more than 25 years' imprisonment for his anti-Apartheid revolutionary activism. He had a close partnership with Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela, with whom he played a key role in organising the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the establishment of the ANC Youth League and Umkhonto we Sizwe. He was also on the Central Committee of the South African Communist Party

13. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Bantu Stephen Biko OMSG (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977 ) Was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s

14. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Desmond Mpilo Tutu (7 October 1931 – 26 December 2021) Was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first Black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from Black theology with African theology.

15. Key Figures in Anti-Apartheid Struggle Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018), Also known as Winnie Mandela , was a South African politician, anti-apartheid activist, second wife of Nelson Mandela. During her political career, she served as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003, and from 2009 until her death, and was a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of the African National Congress (ANC) political party, she served on the ANC's National Executive Committee and headed its Women's League. Madikizela-Mandela was known to her supporters as the "Mother of the Nation

16. Impact of Apartheid (Social Impact) Forced Removals and Displacement: Over 3.5 million people (primarily Black) were uprooted under the Group Areas Act (1950), relocated to barren townships like Soweto or Bantustans. Families were torn apart, communities destroyed, and cultural ties severed Family and Community Breakdown : Pass laws restricted Black mobility, creating a migrant labor system where men worked in White urban areas but lived in hostels, separated from families for years. This led to high rates of domestic violence, child neglect, and social instability in rural areas.

17. Impact of Apartheid (Social Impact) Interracial Relations : Laws like the Immorality Act (1950) criminalized relationships across racial lines, fostering mistrust and stigma. Thousands were imprisoned, deepening societal divides. Violence and Trauma : State repression (e.g., Sharpeville 1960, Soweto 1976) killed thousands and traumatized survivors. Inter-community violence, including "Black-on-Black" clashes in the 1980s-1990s, exacerbated ethnic tensions.

18. Impact of Apartheid (Economic Impact) Wealth Inequality : Apartheid funneled resources to Whites, creating one of the world's most unequal societies. By 1990, Whites (13% of population) controlled 87% of land and 95% of economic assets. Labor Exploitation : Cheap Black labor subsidized White prosperity—e.g., gold mines paid Black workers 10-20% of White wages. Job reservation laws (e.g., Mines and Works Act 1956) barred non-Whites from skilled roles, trapping millions in poverty. Bantustan Economies : Homelands were economically unviable, overcrowded (population density 10x national average), and dependent on remittances. Unemployment reached 40-50%, leading to famine-like conditions in the 1980s.

19. Impact of Apartheid (Economic Impact) Overall Growth vs. Exclusion : GDP grew annually from mineral exports, but benefits bypassed non-Whites. Education Disparities : Bantu Education Act (1953) provided inferior schooling for Blacks, Result: Black literacy was in an alltime high leading to high dropout rates fueled unemployment. Segregated facilities under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953 ) meant Black hospitals were understaffed and underfunded. Infant mortality for Blacks was high as compared to whites hence diseases like TB spread in overcrowded townships. Long-Term Effects : Generations of undereducation contributed to skills gaps; HIV/AIDS epidemic (1990s) hit harder in marginalized communities due to poor healthcare access.

20. Impact of Apartheid (Internationally) Sanctions and Trade Embargoes: International pressure led to targeted economic isolation, crippling South Africa's export-driven economy of minerals and agriculture. For example The UN arms embargo of 1963 blocked military imports, while broader sanctions e.g., US Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, 1986 banned new investments and oil sales, costing billions in lost revenue. UN and Global Isolation: South Africa was expelled from the Commonwealth (1961) and faced UN resolutions condemning apartheid as a "crime against humanity" (1973). It lost its General Assembly seat (1974-1994) and was barred from specialized agencies like WHO

21. Impact of Apartheid (Internationally) Sports and Cultural Boycotts: South Africa was banned from the Olympics (1964-1992), FIFA World Cup (1970-1992), and cricket tours, symbolizing moral exclusion. The Gleneagles Agreement (1977, Commonwealth) unified sports boycotts, denying White South African athletes global platforms. Arts and Media Exile: Thousands of artists/musicians e.g., Miriam Makeba, Hugh Masekela fled into exile, amplifying anti-apartheid voices abroad.

22. Long Term Legacy of Apartheid Inspiration for Anti-Racism Movements: Apartheid's defeat empowered global campaigns—e.g., influencing Black Lives Matter (US) and Rohingya advocacy (Myanmar). Mandela's 1993 Nobel Peace Prize (with de Klerk) symbolized reconciliation, boosting UN human rights funding. Economic Models and Critiques : Sanctions' success validated "economic pressure" tactics, applied to regimes like Myanmar (1990s) and Russia (2022). However, debates persist on their humanitarian costs (e.g., job losses for Black workers).

23. Long Term Legacy of Apartheid Soft Power Shift : Post-1994, South Africa emerged as a BRICS leader and AU powerhouse, hosting events like the 2010 World Cup to rebrand from pariah to peacemaker. Yet, ongoing inequality critiques (e.g., 2023 UN reports on "residual apartheid") challenge this narrative. Cultural Endurance: Films such as Invictus, 2009 and literature of author’s as Nadine Gordimer keep the story alive, educating generations on racial justice.

24. ‘Reverse Apartheid’ in Post-Apartheid South Africa "Reverse apartheid" is a term coined by critics, particularly white South Africans and international conservatives, to describe affirmative action and redress policies perceived as discriminating against whites and other minorities. It emerged in the 2000s amid debates on equity vs. merit. This were Post-1994 policies aimed to correct apartheid's legacy. South African Constitution Section 9(2) mandates "measures designed to protect or advance persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination."

25. Examples of ‘Reverse Apartheid’ measures Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE, 2003): Scores companies on ownership (25% Black stake), management control, skills development; incentives via procurement preferences. Updated in 2013 codes. Employment Equity Act (1998): Requires demographic representation in workplaces (e.g., targets for Black/ women/ disabled hires). Other Measures: University quotas, land expropriation debates (2018 motion for without compensation, stalled); preferential procurement.

26. What lessons can we draw from the apartheid moving forward? The Power of Education and Self-Awareness - Apartheid's Bantu Education Act (1953) deliberately underfunded Black schools to limit critical thinking, yet figures like Steve Biko turned this into fuel for the Black Consciousness Movement. Education isn't passive—use it to question systems. Steve Biko taught "the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed." Cultivate self-worth to resist stereotypes. The Strength of Collective Action and Unity - Apartheid thrived on "divide and rule" , but the ANC's Congress Alliance united Blacks, Whites, Indians, and Coloureds under the Freedom Charter (1955). Lesson: Ally across differences—youth today can bridge racial, class, or generational gaps in movements like #BlackLivesMatter or climate strikes.

27. What lessons can we draw from the apartheid moving forward? Persistence and Resilience in the Face of Adversity - Mandela's 27 years in prison (1962-1990) embodied "it always seems impossible until it's done." He emerged not bitter but strategic, negotiating democracy. Lesson: Setbacks build character—apply to life failures, rejections, or activism burnout by focusing on purpose over quick wins. The Role of Moral Courage and Speaking Truth - Integrity over popularity—call out injustice in your circles, even if it means losing friends.

28. QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? What lessons can you derive from today’s presentation?