what are Auxiliary verbs by Ebadullaha.pptx

what are Auxiliary verbs by Ebadullaha.pptx

1. Most welcome to Grammar Class BY: Ebadullah Nooristani In the Name Of Almighty Allah by: Ebadullah

2. What Is Verb?? by: Ebadullah

3. Origin of verb : Origin of verb : The word verb is taken from Latin word “verbum” which means word by: Ebadullah

4. Definition of verb : Definition of verb : Verb: Is a word used to show Action: He plays soccer. Existence: He is in the library. State of being: He is a doctor. Or: It indicates an action, state, condition, possession, fact and existence. Examples : Ali studies at a collage . ( action) He is a student. ( state) He is sick today. ( condition) He has a car. ( possession) His car is red. ( fact) He is at school now. ( existence ) by: Ebadullah

5. Importance of verb : The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: " Stop! " You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word. Verbs are sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words like  run, fight, do  and  work  all convey action. But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of "being". For example, verbs like  be, exist, seem  and  belong  all convey state. A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English",  John  is the subject and  speaks  is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject  does  or  is ; they describe: action  (Ram plays football.) state  (Anthony seems kind.) There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions etc ) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verb  to work  has five forms: to work, work, works, worked, working Of course, this is still very few forms compared to some languages which may have thirty or more forms for a single verb . by: Ebadullah

6. Classification of verb Linking verbs Phrasal verbs by: Ebadullah

7. Types of verb Mainly we have two types of verb. Verb Ordinary verbs Auxiliary verbs (main verbs) (helping verbs) by: Ebadullah

8. Ordinary Verbs Definition of ordinary verbs : 1) Ordinary verbs: are those verbs which shows action. Or: ordinary verbs are those verbs which function only as a main verb in a sentence and can stand alone. Ex. Play, eat, write, dance, wash, work… Note: ordinary verbs are also called main verbs, common verbs , lexical verbs or full verbs . by: Ebadullah

9. Auxiliary Verbs Definition of ordinary verbs : 1) Auxiliary verbs: are those verbs which shows the mood of a sentence. Or: auxiliary verbs: are those verbs which are used with another verb to make tenses , Voices, question, or negative forms. by: Ebadullah

10. More about Auxiliary verbs Definition: auxiliary verbs are those verbs which support the main verb to form the structure of the sentence and give us information about the time of an action . Helping verbs are those verbs which are used to help the main verb in a sentence by extending the meaning of the verb. Helping verbs are also called auxiliary verbs. Basically, helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence. Helping verbs are used with main verbs. Basically, there 23 helping verbs in English, they are: is, are, am, was, were, been, being, can, could, may, might, has, shall, will, do, does, did, have, should, must, would, and, had. They are used to convey, expectation, permission, probability, potential, obligation, and direction etc. by: Ebadullah

11. More about Auxiliary & ordinary verbs Helping Verbs Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says: I can People must The Earth will Do you understand anything? Probably not! That's because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) by: Ebadullah

12. AUXILIARY VERBS

13. principle (primary)verbs Principle auxiliary verbs are those verbs which can function either as main verb or auxiliary verb in a sentence . Or : principle auxiliary verbs are those verbs which can be used in two different forms: Can be use as main verb Can be used as auxiliary verb. Ex: Ali has a book. (as main verb) Ali has played cricket. (as auxiliary verb) Principle aux verbs are: To be verbs To have verbs & To do verbs Note: principle aux verbs are also called flexible auxiliary verbs. by: Ebadullah

14. To be verbs (be verbs) To be verbs have TWO main functions: 1) To be As main verb: To show existence. Ex.Ali is at school. To show state of being Ex. They are married. To show facts. Ex. Allah (s.w.t) is one. by: Ebadullah

15. To be verbs (be verbs) To be verbs has to main functions: 2) To be as Auxiliary verbs: To make affirmative of all continuous tenses. Ex . He is waiting for the bus. To make negative and interrogative in some continuous tenses. Ex . Were we eating lunch ? He is not studying. To make the forms of passive. Ex. Ali eats an apple .(active) An apple is eaten by Ali. (passive ) To be verbs are : i s,am,are,was,were,be,been,being by: Ebadullah

16. To have verbs To have verbs have two main functions: 1) To have as ordinary verbs: To show possession/ownership: Ex: Mr . Ali had a car. He has a car. He will have a car To show Illness. Ex: Ali has headache. To show Relationship. Ex: They had a cute baby daughter 2) To have as Auxiliary verbs: To make perfective tenses Ex: Mr. Ali had learnt English before 2010. He has learned English. He will have learned English before 2020 . To have verbs are : have,has,had by: Ebadullah

17. To do verbs To do verbs has few main functions: 1) To do as ordinary verbs: As main verb: they show the performing of an action. Ex. I do my homework regularly. She does her duties nicely. they did the paper quickly. 2) To do as auxiliary verbs: To make negative statements in both simple past and simple present. Ex.He doesn’t attend the class everyday. He didn’t attend the class yesterday. To make interrogative in both simple past and simple present. EX. Do they study math ? Did they play football yesterday ? 3) To do as emphatic words : emphasize on the action of verb in a sentence. Ex. I do speak English. He does study a lot. He did play cricket. Note : To do verbs + base-main verb = Emphatic do. by: Ebadullah

18. 2) Modal Auxiliary verbs Definition: Modal Auxiliary verbs are used to show the mood of the main verb . Or: Modal Auxiliary Verbs are a type of auxiliary verbs which are used for many different purposes like: Ability , Possibility , Obligation, Permission , Advisability, Suggestion. Modal Auxiliary Verbs are used to indicate permission, possibility, ability, necessity, and advisability. Modal auxiliary verbs are used for the following purposes. by: Ebadullah

19. 2) Modal Auxiliary verbs First of all, what does MODAL mean? modal  = expressing mood. mood  = a way to express the attitude of the speaker to what is being said.  Examples :  "I can paint" means the speaker believes he has the ability to paint.  "I might paint" means the speaker believes there is a possibility for that to happen.  "I will paint" means the speaker has the intention to paint. English Modal Verbs  show us the attitude of the speaker to what is being said. by: Ebadullah

20. Characteristics of Modal auxiliary verbs What is special about the modal verbs? They are special because they behave differently from other verbs in English: English modal verbs are used together with the base form of another verb. E.g.   " He might  come  late."  " You may  leave  if you wish . “We  must  finish  this on time .“ English modal verbs have only one form. You don't  add "- ing " ,  "- ed "  or "-s"  to them . E.g. Correct :  "We must go now .“ Incorrect :  "We are  musting  go now ." Correct:  "They said we could park here .“ Incorrect :  "They said we coulded  park here ." Correct:  "She can help us .“ Incorrect :  "She cans help us ." by: Ebadullah

21. Characteristics of Modal auxiliary verbs To form questions use the modal verb itself, but change the order. E.g. " He  can  fix the car tomorrow .“ Correct :  "Can he fix the car tomorrow ?“ Incorrect :  "Does he can fix the car tomorrow ?“ " We should start packing our things .“ Correct :  "Should we start packing our things ?“ Incorrect :  "Do we should start packing our things?" " She will be ten years old next month ." Correct:  "Will she be ten years old next month?" Incorrect:  "Does she will be ten years old next month?" To form negative sentences use the modal verb itself and add "not" or " n't " to it . E.g. " He can run fast enough ." Correct:  "He can't run fast enough." Incorrect:  "He doesn't can run fast enough." "She could lift a feather ." Correct:  "She could not lift a feather." Incorrect:  "She did not could lift a feather." "I thought he would come ." Correct:  "I thought he  wouldn't  come." Incorrect:  "I thought he did not would come." by: Ebadullah

22. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliary verb (Can) Can : Is used to show present Ability or disability: Ex: Ali can drive a car. We cannot help you . To show Permission : Ex: You can use my car. Can I use your computer ? Note: Can and may are used to express permission. May is rather formal. Ex: You can/may go now . Modal auxiliary verb (Could) Could : Is the past of can and is used to show Past Ability. Ex: If you told me, I could help you . He could speak Arabic. To show Polite Request: Ex: Could I use your computer please? Could you please help me ? To show possibility. Ex: Ali could be at home. by: Ebadullah

23. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliary verb (Could) Could: is used to offer something. Ex: If you are tired, I could help you. (offer) Could: is used for getting permission. Ex: Could I ask you a personal question? (permission) Modal Auxiliaries ( M ay) May : Is used to show Possibility: Ex: It may rain tomorrow. I may get first position May: is used for Permission or polite request: Ex: May I use your mobile please? May I come in Sir? May: is Used to express wishes and hopes: Ex: May Allah bless you. May you live long.May his soul be in peace. by: Ebadullah

24. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliary verb (Might) Might: Is the past of may and is used to show: Present or past possibility: Ex: He might arrive here on time. We might have helped you. Polite Request: Ex: Might I use your phone? Might we go home now? May & might: are used to show probability, possibility and permission. Note: May is stronger than might. Ex : I may go to Kabul tomorrow. “ 50% Chances” Ex : I might go to Kabul tomorrow. “ 35% Chances ” Note : For changing may and might sentences to interrogative forms, we have two structures. Structure 1: Do you think + sub + may/might + verb + complement? Structure 2: To be + sub + likely + to + verb + complement? Ex: Abdul Kareem may teach English. 1: Do you think Abdul Kareem may teach English? 2: Is Abdul Kareem likely to teach English? by: Ebadullah

25. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliary verb (must) Must: is used to show strong necessity., obligation. Ex : You must go to Masjid. Must he write a book? Note: The deference between must and have to is that must shows stronger obligation than have to. Modal auxiliary verb (will/shall) Will: Is used to form : The future tenses. Ex: Mr . Ali will buy a car next week. He will be driving very fast. Shal l: We use “ shall ” in British English for first person pronouns ( I, we ) to show: Future time: Ex: I shall call you tomorrow. We shall come to the party. Note: Will and shall are used to show hope, willingness, promise, request, plan, prediction and so on . by: Ebadullah

26. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliaries (should and ought to ) Should & ought to: are used to show soft obligation or advisability: Ex: You should study hard. You If he is sick, he ought to see the doctor. I ought to respect you and you ought to respect me. Note: Ought to is used to give command and it is stronger than should. Ex : You ought to bring your books tomorrow . by: Ebadullah

27. Some model Auxiliary verbs with their usages. Modal auxiliary verb (would) Would: is the past form of will and it used in: Conditional clauses: Ex: If you studied hard, you would pass the test.If I had money, I would buy this car. Polite request/suggestion: Ex: Would you please bring me a glass of water? Would you mind leaving this seat for me ? by: Ebadullah

28. Similar Expressions and Simi-Modals Definition: Semi auxiliary are verbs and expressions which function almost as model verbs. EX: He had better play cricket. He is going to play cricket. He has to play cricket. Or: semi auxiliaries are those verbs which are introduced by one of the primary verbs (have and be ). Note : Semi auxiliary verbs are also called similar expressions to modal auxiliary verbs . Or: Expressions which are used to substitute the modals with the same meaning are called similar expressions to modals. E.g . Be able to, Be supposed to, Be going to, had better, would rather, used to, be used to… Words that somehow have the characteristics of modals are called Simi-modals. E.g . Need, Dare, Used to, by: Ebadullah

29. Semi Modal Auxiliary verb Modal Auxiliary verb (Had better) We use Had better plus base-verb to imply warning obligation/recommendation. Ex. You had better pay the bill. You had better not pay the bill . You had better take an umbrella with you. Note : Had better gives the same meaning as should and ought to, but it is stronger than should & ought to and it is more common in speaking than writing. Be going to shows future intention. Ex: He is going to come tomorrow. We are going to go out for dinner tonight. by: Ebadullah

30. Semi Modal Auxiliary verb Be able to Shows ability. Ex: I am able to drive a car . We will be able to speak English. Be supposed to Be + supposed to talk about things that we should or shouldn’t do. Note: in this case we use the present be (am, is, are). Ex. Ali is supposed to study for the papers . we are supposed to finish the lesson. Or: We use (be + supposed to) to talk about arrangement and expectation . Ex: All the students are supposed to show up on time. You were supposed to attend the meeting. by: Ebadullah

31. Semi Modal Auxiliary verb Be about to: To be close to doing something Ex: We are about to finish this lesson. He is about to arrive. I am about to have dinner. She was about to fall down . Would rather : shows preference. Ex:I would rather stay at home than go out. He would rather study BCS . used to: Be used to: expresses a habit or something that exists regularly or to which we are already familiar. Ex . She is used to working in this office by: Ebadullah

32. Semi Modal Auxiliary verb Have to/has to/had to Show obligation or necessity. Ex:The students have to show their ID’s at the entrance. You had to study hard for the exam. We will have to come to class on time. Have got to/has got to: Show obligation or necessity . Ex:I have got to go now. She has got to wash her clothes.They have got to finish their work on time. Note: that (have got to & has got to) are used the same as (have to & has to) but ( have got to & has got to) are a little informal than (have to & has to ). Note: Must, Have to and Have got to have the same meaning, but must is usually stronger than have to and have got to. and must indicate urgency or stress importance, , but have to is more common than have got to and must. Ex . What is that? I must check it out. (urgency & stress) by: Ebadullah

33. Semi Modal Auxiliary verb Dare: is used to show courage. Ex : How dare you come here ? I dare say, you are a bad boy . They dare come late. (auxiliary verb) He dares to talk to his boss. (ordinary verb ) Need: is used to show necessity. Ex : I need buy a car. He needn’t buy a car. “ Not Common” Ex : He doesn’t need to buy a car. “ Common ” I need discuss with you. ( auxiliary verb) I need to know about this secret. ( ordinary verb) Used to: ( shows past habits or action) Ex: I used to fly kites when I was child. She used to be shy. Ali used to talk a lot. by: Ebadullah

34. Any Questions??? By: Ebadullah Nooristani Email: [email protected] Ph No: 0705288515