what is adjective in English by Ebad.ppsx

what is Adjective

1. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
الله مـــــــــسبنمحرلا
میــــــــــــــــحرلا
In the Name of Almighty Allah

2. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Adjective

3. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Definition: Adjective is a word which is used to
describe or give more information about a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
An adjective describes a noun by giving some information
about its:
Quality
Size
Shape
Age
Color
Origin
Material &
Purpose

4. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
It is a
 
nice 
table. (opinion/quality)
It is a
 
big 
table. (size)
It is a
 
round 
table. (shape)
It is an
 
old 
table. (age)
It is a
 
brown 
table. (color)
It is an
 
Afghan 
table. (origin)
It is a
 
wooden 
table. (material)
It is a
 
coffee 
table. (purpose)

5. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
More Examples of Adjectives:
Good, bad, nice, intelligent, hard, easy, important,
interesting, expensive, cheap, small, big, essential, effective,
attractive, cute, handsome, beautiful, ugly, black, white,
smooth, rough, easy-going, extremist, etc.

6. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Cases of Adjective
In English grammar, an adjective has four cases:
Attributive Case:
(The adjectives are used before nouns.)
Examples:
The old man cannot run fast.
She met a young girl.
The product does not deserve this high price.
The sick man was treated in the special ward.

7. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Predicative Case:
(The adjectives come after linking verbs like: be, seem,
look, feel, taste, become, smell, sound)
Examples:
I am tired.
She seems interested in the lesson.
Ali looks handsome in this picture.
I really feel bad today.
The food tastes delicious.
He became old.
The flower smells good.
Your success sounds interesting.

8. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Abridging Case:
(The adjective is used between a linking verb and a noun.)
Examples:
My friend is an intelligent student.
He is a young boy.
It is a delicious food.
His mom is a good cook.

9. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Post Indefinite Case:
(The adjective is used after some indefinite pronouns.)
Examples:
I met someone special.
She bought something expensive.
They learnt something important.

10. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Types
of
Adjective
 

11. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
•Quality/Descriptive Adjectives
•Proper Adjectives
•Possessive Adjectives
•Adjectives of Quantity
•Adjectives of Number
•Demonstrative Adjectives
•Interrogative Adjectives
•Distributive Adjectives
•Determiners

12. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
 
Quality/Descriptive Adjectives
Definition: These kinds of adjectives are used to describe
the characteristics of a noun or pronoun. They can usually
answer the question “what kind? or what type?”.

Here are some examples of quality adjectives like:
(beautiful, sweet, good, strong, easy, difficult, important,
interesting, awful, bitter, handsome, kind, cruel, cute, ugly
etc.)

13. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
This piece of candy is
 
sweet.
My husband is
 
handsome.
My daughter is
 
good.
The cat is
 
hungry.
This shirt is
 
nice.
The question is difficult.
The book is interesting.

14. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Proper Adjectives
Definition: Are those adjectives which are formed from
some proper nouns and can be usually used for languages
and nationalities.
Examples:
Proper NounsProper Adjectives
America American
Afghanistan Afghan
Japan Japanese
Pakistan Pakistani
China Chinese
India Indian
France French
Greece Greek
Pashto Pashtoon

15. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Possessive Adjectives
Definition: Possessive Adjectives are those adjectives
which are used to show possession or ownership. They are
always followed by nouns.

16. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Subject PronounPossessive Adjective
I My
We Our
You Your
They Their
He His
She Her
It Its

17. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
My 
brother has a yellow car.
Our home is near to the market.
Your book is with me.
The students did
 
their 
homework.
Ahmad cleaned
 
his 
car.
I have
 
her 
book.
This is its fault.

18. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Refer to the chapter for the exercise of Possessive
Adjective!

19. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Adjectives of Quantity
Definition: Are those adjectives which are used to show the
amount or number of nouns. These adjectives do not
provide exact numbers.
They are:
all/ enough/ some / any / much / many/ a few/ few/
a little/ little etc.

20. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
All: (whole)
All is used with countable and uncountable nouns to
mean the complete amount.
Examples:
All the students are intelligent in this class.
He drank all the milk.
He comes to class late all the time.

21. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Enough: (As much as necessary/some)
Enough is used with countable and uncountable nouns to
mean the adequate amount or number.
Examples:
We have enough students in the class today.
The students still have enough problems in the new lesson.
The teacher has enough time to explain the topic well.
He drank enough milk today.

22. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Some: (a little, a few or adequate)
We usually use some in positive sentences for countable
and uncountable nouns.
Examples:
I have
 
some
 
friends in London.
I usually drink
 
some water with my meal.
 
Note: Sometimes we use some in a question, when we
expect a positive YES answer.
Examples:
Would you like
 
some 
more tea?
Could I have
 
some 
more sugar please?

23. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Any: (some/none)
 

•It is used with negative sentences.
Examples:
My computer doesn’t have any problems.
He doesn’t have any enemies here.
My brother never does
 
any 
chores.
 

24. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
•Is used with question sentences.
Examples:
Do you have any question for me?
Don’t you have any problem?
 
•We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:
Do you have
 
any 
cheese?
He doesn't have
 
any
 
friends in Paris.

25. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Much: (not less in amount)  
    
•It is used with uncountable nouns.
Examples:
They don't have
 
much 
money to buy a car.
He does have much information about this topic.

26. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Many: (not less in number)
    
 
        
•It is used with countable nouns.
Examples:
I don't have
 
many 
English books in my collection.
My friend has many children (almost a dozen).
Note: Much and Many
 are used to express that there is a
large quantity of something.

27. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
A few: (some/adequate)
•It is used with countable plural nouns to mean a
small number or some.
Examples:
A few students are absent today.
We have a few chairs in this classroom.

28. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
 Few: (not many/almost none)
•It emphasizes how small the number is.
•We use
 'few' before plural countable nouns.
•'Few' has a negative meaning.
•We can also use 'very few'.
Examples:
Few people understand the difference.
I have just studied very few chapters.

29. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
A little: (some/adequate)
•It is used with uncountable nouns to mean a small
amount or some.
Examples:
I saw him a little time ago.
He needs a little more money.

30. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Little: (not much almost none)
•Is used before uncountable nouns.
 
•'Little' has a negative meaning.
•We can use also 'very little'.
Examples:
 I can't help you. I speak very little French.
 There is little milk in the bottle.

31. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Refer to the chapter for the exercise of Quantity
Adjectives!

32. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Numeral
Adjectives
Definite Numeral
Adjectives
Cardinal
Numbers
Ordinal Numbers
Indefinite Numeral
Adjectives

33. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Adjectives of Number/Numeral Adjectives
Definition: Adjectives of number are used to show the
number of nouns and their place in an order.
There are two different sections within adjectives of
number.
They are:
Definite Numeral Adjectives:
Indefinite Numeral Adjective:

34. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Definite Numeral Adjectives
Definition: Are those adjectives which clearly denote an
exact number of nouns or the order of nouns.
Definite numeral adjectives are further divided into two
types:
Cardinal Numbers:
One, Two, Twenty, Thirty-Three etc.
Ordinal Numbers:
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh etc.

35. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Indefinite Numeral Adjectives:
Definition: Are those adjectives which do not show an exact
number but just give a general idea of the amount.
They are like:
Some, Many, Few, Enough, Several, All etc…

36. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Demonstrative Adjectives
Definition: Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out
to a noun or number of nouns which are near or far away
from the speaker in distance or time.
They are:
This
That
These
Those

37. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
This: Is used to point out to a noun which is close
to the speaker.
Examples:
This house is nice.
This book is very interesting.

38. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
That: Is used to point out to a noun which is far
away from the speaker.
Examples:
That house is nice.
That book is very interesting.

39. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
These: Is the plural form of this and is used to
point out to a number of nouns which are near to
the speaker.
Examples:
These houses are very nice.
These books are very interesting.
 

40. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Those: Is the plural form of that and is used to
point out to a number of nouns which are far away
from the speaker.
Examples:
Those houses are nice.
Those books were very interesting.

41. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Interrogative Adjectives
Definition: Interrogative adjectives are those adjectives
which are used to ask questions about nouns.
They are: (What, Which and Whose).
Examples:
What assignment did I miss?
What colors do you like the best?
Which room is empty?
Which car is more expensive yours or mine?
Whose pen is this?
Whose car was stolen yesterday?

42. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Distributive Adjectives
Definition: Distributive adjectives are used to talk about
nouns individually.
They are:
Each
Every
Either
Neither.

43. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Each: (Every individual from a group)
Examples:
There are five questions; each question has 5 marks.
There are two kinds of drinks; each drink is my favorite one.

44. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Every: (all from a group)
Examples:
Every student is interested in this topic.
Every teacher teaches well here.

45. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Either:
(each of two. It doesn’t matter which one.)
Examples:
There are two options for you now; either option is
acceptable.
There are tea and coffee; you can have either tea
or coffee.

46. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Neither: (no one or none of)
Examples:
You answered both questions but neither answer is
correct.
He has five cars in his garage, but neither car is his.

47. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Determiners
Determiners are words which come before nouns
and limit the followed nouns.
They are like:
 
Articles
Demonstrative Adjectives
 
Possessive Adjectives
Adjectives of Number
Distributive Adjectives &
Quantity Adjectives

48. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
(A, an, the, this, that, these,
those, my, our, your, their, his,
her, its, one, two, three, each,
every, some, any, enough,
several, enough, less, little, a
little, few, a few, many, more,
much, any, both, all, half,
whole, etc.)

49. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
This is a book.
We have enough students in our class.
Each student is very intelligent in this class.
Still several students are absent.
Some students are outside in the lawn.
My brother has two children.

50. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Note: The difference between an adjective and
determiner is this that we can use only one
determiner at a time but we can use more than one
adjective consecutively in a sentence.

51. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
The Rules of Ordering
Adjectives
When writing a sentence using a number of different
adjectives, it’s important to know which ones you should
have first in the sentence.
You should know that you can easily use just one adjective
to have a complete sentence; however, if you want to use
more than one adjective, you should know in what order
to use the adjectives.
Here are the rules:

52. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
1. Determiners
The first adjective in your sentence should be a determiner.
Example: She has
 
a 
good car.
Now, to give you an example as to why it’s important that
the determiner comes first, the sentence will be rewritten
with the quality adjective written first.
Example: She has good
 
a 
car.
As you can see, writing the quality adjective before the
determiner doesn’t make any grammatical sense.

53. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
2. Opinion
After adding the determiner, you can add the opinion
adjective.
Example: She has a good car.
In this sentence, “good” would be the quality or opinion
adjective.

54. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
3. Size
After adding the opinion adjective, you can add the size
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small
 
car.

55. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
4. Shape
After adding the size adjective, you can add the shape
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round car.

56. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
5. Age
After adding the shape adjective, you can add the age
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round old car.

57. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
6. Color
After adding the age adjective, you can add the color
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red car.

58. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
7. Origin
After adding the color adjective, you can add the origin
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red, Chinese
car.

59. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
8. Material
After adding the origin adjective, you can add the material
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red, Chinese,
plastic car.

60. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Comparison
of
Adjectives

61. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
An adjective has three degrees in English Language.
Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
When we want to compare two or more nouns/pronouns,
we use the comparative and superlative forms of the
adjective to show the comparison between them.

62. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Example:
Honey is sweet, sugar is sweeter but victory is the
sweetest.
In this sentence, we are comparing the three nouns using
the positive, comparative and superlative forms of the word
‘sweet’.

63. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Positive Degree
Positive Degree is a degree which simply describes the
noun/pronoun without comparing it to another like:
big, sweet, clean, important, easy, difficult, interesting, etc.
 
Examples:
She has a big black dog.
He is a sweet baby.
The cupboard is clean.

64. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Comparative Degree
Comparative degree is a degree in which we compare one
person with another person, one thing with another thing,
and one place with another place.
 
Note: In comparative degree we usually use the conjunction
“than”.
 

65. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
This lesson is easier than the previous lesson.
The previous lesson was more difficult than this lesson.
Jalalabad is hotter than Kabul.
My computer is newer than your computer.

66. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Superlative Degree
Superlative degree is used to compare one person with
more than one person, one thing with more than one thing
and one place with more than one place.
We usually add ‘the’ before the superlative form like:
the biggest, the sweetest, the cleanest, the easiest, the
most difficult, the most interesting, the hottest, the tallest,
etc.
 

67. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Examples:
This is the easiest lesson of this week.
Jalalabad is the hottest city in Afghanistan.
My child is the sweetest child in the world.
That was the most interesting book I had ever read.

68. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Rules for Comparatives and Superlatives
There are certain rules that must be followed in the
making of comparatives and superlatives of the
adjectives.

69. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
1.With one syllable adjectives, we use ‘er’ to make the
comparative and ‘est’ to make the superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Black Blacker Blackest
Tall Taller Tallest
Short Shorter Shortest
Small Smaller Smallest
Strong Stronger Strongest

70. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
2. If one syllable adjective ends by single ‘e’, we just add ‘r’
in the comparative and ‘st’ in the superlative form.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Nice Nicer Nicest
Late Later Latest
Wide Wider Widest
Large Larger Largest

71. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
3. When the adjective ends with ‘y’, and preceded by
consonant, we convert ‘y’ into ‘i’ and add ‘er’ in the
comparative and ‘est’ in the superlative forms.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Happy Happier Happiest
Healthy Healthier Healthiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest

72. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
4. If one syllable adjective ends by a single consonant and is
preceded by a single vowel, we double the last consonant
and add ‘er’ in the comparative and ‘est’ in the superlative
form.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Hot Hotter Hottest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Slim Slimmer Slimmest

73. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
5. Adjectives which are more than two syllables we use
more and most to form the comparatives and superlatives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Difficult More DifficultMost Difficult
Careful More Careful Most Careful
Handsome More HandsomeMost Handsome
Interesting More InterestingMost Interesting
Important More ImportantMost Important
Beautiful More BeautifulMost Beautiful

74. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
6. There a few adjectives that can use both ‘er and est’ and
‘more’ and ‘most’ to form their comparative and superlative
forms.
PositiveComparativeSuperlativeExample
Clever
Cleverer/ More
Clever
Cleverest/Most
Clever
He is cleverer than her.
He is more clever than her.
Quiet
Quieter/ More
Quiet
Quietest/ Most
Quiet
This is the most quiet place.
This is the quietest place.
Brave
Braver/ More
Brave
Bravest/ Most
Brave
She is braver than the other girl.
She was more brave than the other girl.
Simple
Simpler/
More Simple
Simplest/Most
simplest
This question is simpler than that one.
This question is more simple than that one.

75. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
7. These adjectives do not make their comparative and
superlative forms by using the rules above. Their
comparative and superlative forms are different words.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Far (place) Farther Farthest
Little (amount) Less Least
Late (order) Latter Latest
Much More Most
Many More Most

76. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
Refer to the chapters for the exercise of
Degrees of Adjectives!

77. Any
Question?
10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani

78. 10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani