What is Research.pptx

Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing.
Wernher von Braun

Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody has thought.
Albert Szent Gyorgyi

1. RESEARCH Rajendra Dev Bhatt, PhD Candidate Asst. Professor Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine (KUSMS ) Fellow : Translational Research in (2018-2022 ) Cardiovascular Diseases in Nepal, NHLBI & NIH, USA

2. What is Research? Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing. — Wernher von Braun Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody has thought. — Albert Szent Gyorgyi

3. What is research? Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie , “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods .” I nductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory No single definition: Defined in different ways by different persons

4. Some definitions: A systematic effort to gain new knowledge. A careful investigation for new facts. Discovery of new facts and their interpretation. Revision of theories in the light of new facts What is common word in above sentences?

5. “Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes .” Song, DW. What is research?.  WMU J Marit Affairs   20 , 407–411 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-021-00256-w

6. R ationally E xhaustive S earch for the solution with scientific E xactness for A nalysis of R elationship with facts and C areful planning, recording, and observation with H onesty इमानदारीका साथ वैज्ञानिक तरिकाले तथ्यहरूको सावधानीपूर्वक अवलोकन, योजना, रेकर्डिङ तथा प्रश्नहरुको समाधानको लागि तर्कसंगत खोज लाई वैज्ञानिक अनुसन्धान भनिन्छ।

7. Research is discovery of new facts or knowledge Adding new information to existing knowledge New practical application of knowledge Scientific research Unlike other disciplines, scientific research doesn’t depend solely uponː Mental processes Critical thinking Reasoning Personal opinions

8. Scientific research requires scientific method and scientific method generally has four stepsː 1. Making an observation 2. Forming a hypothesis 3. Testing the hypothesis 4. Reaching a conclusion

9. Observation – Drug X decreases blood pressure Hypothesis – Drug X can be used to treat hypertension Testing – Give drug X to a group of hypertensives and monitor blood pressure Conclusion – Drug X is or is not useful in treating hypertension

10. What are the characteristics of research ? Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions . The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

11. What are the characteristics of research ? Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.

12. What are the characteristics of research ? It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data . Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

13. What is the purpose of research ? Exploratory:  As the name suggests, researchers conduct  exploratory studies  to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

14. What is the purpose of research ? Descriptive:  It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection.  Descriptive research  describe the behavior of a sample population. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

15. What is the purpose of research ? Explanatory:  Causal or  explanatory research  is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form . For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

16. What is the purpose of research ?

17. Types of research methods and Examples Research methods are broadly classified as  Qualitative  and  Quantitative . Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

18. Qualitative methods Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually   open-ended questions . The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

19. Types of qualitative methods include: One-to-one Interview Focus Groups Ethnographic studies Text Analysis Case Study

20. Quantitative methods Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

21. Types of quantitative methods include: Survey research Descriptive research Correlation research

22. It is essential to ensure that your data is: Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial. Accurate – free of errors and including required details. Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results. Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame. Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.

23. Tips for conducting accurate research 1. Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one. 2. Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears. 3. Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common. 4. Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identified in a  SWOT analysis .

24. Tips for conducting accurate research 5. Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your study. 6. Act on your strategies 7. Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional inquiry if necessary 8. Plan to review the results and consider efficient methods to analyze and interpret results.

25. Scientific research Scientific research generally begins with a research question and/or a hypothesis A hypothesis is an assumption based on some evidence A research question is an unanswered question

26. Research Methodology

27. Research Methodology

28. Selection of problem The “research topic” is really a “problem ” which the researcher tries to solve Merit of the research depends uponː How important the problem is: How useful the solution provided is:

29. Before finalizing the problem, look at itsː Feasibility Originality Relevance Cost effectiveness Ethical issues

30. Framing the research question Success of research depends upon how well the research question is framed The question tells us whether the problem is relevant, important and researchable The research question should be specific and precise

31. Research Question: The PICO format P=Population (The study population) I=Intervention (Treatment, procedure, test etc.) C=Comparison (The population for comparison) O=Outcome (the effect of intervention)

32. A sample research question Is pain medication more effective than aerobic stretching in controlling post- operative pain in adult patients with total hip replacement? Population: Adults with total hip replacement Intervention: Pain medication Comparison: Aerobic stretching Outcome: Post-operative pain

33. Research Q uestion Criteria The research question should meet FINER criteria : F=Feasible I=Interesting N=Novel E=Ethical R=Relevant

34. Originality in research Originality and novelty are of paramount importance in research If the problem you are investigating has already been solved, you will get no credit However, in biomedical research, some repetitive studies may be justified because of: Regional variations Racial variations Ethnic variations

35. Originality in research Repetition is justified if earlier work has resulted in a controversy Repetition is specially justified if you are using: Bigger sample size Better study design Better experimental techniques

36. What is Next?

37. Motivation Behind Research Research is a long process, so the main driving factor is motivation. For some researchers and students , the main objective behind the research is to earn a degree . For organizations, research is an important aspect. To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights, whereas to intellectual people research may mean the development of new styles and creative work Irrespective of any domain, research demands passion

38. Important Ingredients for Research Creativity, good written and verbal communication skills and in-depth knowledge of the subject are essential for successful completion of research work. Important Ingredients for Research Creativity Verbal Communication Domain Knowledge Written Communication Consistency & Patience Dedication & Commitment

39. Types of Research

40. Types of Research Analytical research summarizes and evaluates the ideas in historical research for accessing both witness and literature sources to document past events. Philosophical research organizes data that can be presented to support the data in comprehensive model. Applied research tries to solve an immediate specific problem faced by industry or society . The obtained solution can be deployed to solve the problem. The duration of applied research is shorter as a quick solution is expected.

41. Types of Research 3. Basic research is pure or fundamental research; there is no immediate need, but new theories can be added to the knowledge cluster. This type of research may solve problems but may not have practical applications. It has a broader scope compared to applied research. Theories in basic sciences and mathematics are examples of basic research. 4 . Correlational research focuses on exploring the relationship or association between incidences , variables, and so on. Examples of correlational research include “To study the effect of a modern lifestyle on obesity” and “Analysis of the impact of technology on employment .”

42. Types of Research 5. Descriptive research is generally used in business analysis or social problems. This type of research does not have any control over the parameters or variables. It just tries to represent or analyze the previous and or current facts . All kinds of correlational methods, survey methods, and comparative studies are descriptive research.

43. Types of Research 6. Experimental research focuses on the fieldwork and experiments that can control the independent variable. Study of the effect of the new drug on a specific group of people or animal is an example of experimental research in medicine domain . Randomized control trial (RCT), quasi experimental research and pre- post experimental research design are some classical examples.

44. Types of Research 7. Explanatory research tries to analyze and justify the reason behind the occurrence of particular phenomenon or association between the variables. It basically answers the “ Why” type of questions. It aims to explain why a relationship, association, or interdependence exist. “Why the modernization creates health problem ?”, “Why some students have casual attitude towards study, while others are sincere?”,

45. Types of Research 8. Exploratory research generally explores the areas that have required very small attention or it is for checking the possibility of research in the particular domain or area. A small-scale study is done to decide the further scope of advancement in domain .

46. Types of Research 9. Qualitative research mainly deals with the quality or the types of the parameters considered for the research. Here, it is assumed that the world is unstable and differences in the parameter may occur with time. Research related to human behavior is an example of qualitative research. Everybody can react to the situation differently and it is difficult to propose the predictive conclusions . An example can be “Study of behavior of employees in an organization.” Here, behavior of an employee vary with different parameters such as gender, post, skill set, expertise, socioeconomic status, and religion

47. Types of Research 10. Quantitative research involves measurements of quantities of characteristics that can be used as features for the research study . Unlike qualitative research quantitative research assumes that world is stable and uses statistical analysis on parameter values for conclusions. Statistical quantities that can be measured are involved in quantitative research .

48. Research Process

49. Learning Activity If you are going to study the relationship between job satisfaction and career development of health professionals working at the university of Gondar, this is an example of……. If you are going to find out reasons of staff turnover in the Hospital, this is an example of………. Answer……..??? Correlation research 2 Explanatory research