What is the Structure and Functions of Nephron?

There are at least one million nephrons in each kidney, and together, they drive the kidneys, collectively serving as the functional unit responsible for filtering blood and regulating the body’s fluid balance. As we explore the structure and functions of nephrons, and parts of nephrons, we shed light on their significance in maintaining overall health. Enroll now at Tutoroot.

1. What is the Structure of Nephron?
There are at least one million nephrons in each kidney, and together, they drive the
kidneys, collectively serving as the functional unit responsible for filtering blood
and regulating the body’s fluid balance. As we explore the structure and functions
of nephrons, and parts of nephrons, we actually shed light on their significance in
maintaining overall health.
Structure of Nephron
There are two kinds of nephrons, superficial cortical nephrons that comprise 70-
80%, and the rest being juxtamedullary nephrons. A look at the parts structure of
nephrons, we realize that they consist of two primary components: the renal
corpuscle and the renal tubule.
Renal Corpuscle
Among the parts of a nephron, the renal corpuscle is a key one and also the initial
site of blood filtration. It spearheads the core function nephron, through
glomerulus, a network of tiny blood vessels, and the Bowman’s capsule, which
surrounds the glomerulus. The glomerulus acts as a sieve, allowing small molecules
such as water, electrolytes, and waste products to pass through while preventing
the passage of larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells.
Renal Tubule
The next among the major parts of a nephron is renal tubule, a long, convoluted
structure that continues from the Bowman’s capsule. It consists of several
segments, each with specific functions. These segments include the proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
Functions of Nephron
The Nephron functions are explained below,
 Filtration
Filtration is the first step in urine formation and occurs in the renal corpuscle. As
blood passes through the glomerulus, the high-pressure forces water, ions,
nutrients, and waste products out of the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule. This

2. fluid, known as the filtrate, contains substances that need to be selectively
reabsorbed or excreted.
 Reabsorption
Reabsorption takes place primarily in the renal tubule. Essential substances, such
as glucose, amino acids, and water, are selectively reabsorbed into the surrounding
capillaries to be returned to the bloodstream. This process ensures that vital
molecules are retained in the body, maintaining balance.
 Secretion
Secretion involves the transfer of additional substances, such as excess ions, drugs,
and toxins, from the blood into the renal tubule. This process allows the nephron
to regulate the concentration of certain substances in the body, aiding in the
elimination of waste and maintenance of homeostasis.
 Excretion
Excretion is the final step in urine formation. After the filtrate has undergone
reabsorption and secretion processes in the renal tubule, it reaches the collecting
duct. Here, additional water and solutes are reabsorbed or excreted based on the
body’s needs, resulting in the formation of concentrated urine.
Types of Nephrons
There are two main types of nephrons: cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary
nephrons.
 Cortical Nephrons
Cortical nephrons are the most abundant type, comprising approximately 85% of
all nephrons. They are primarily located in the outer region of the kidney cortex
and have a shorter loop of Henle. These nephrons are involved in maintaining
overall body fluid balance.
 Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons are located closer to the medulla of the kidney and have
a longer loop of Henle. They play a crucial role in producing concentrated urine and
are involved in the body’s water conservation mechanisms.
The nephron, as the functional unit of the kidney, performs vital tasks to maintain
fluid balance, regulate blood pressure, and eliminate waste products from the
body. It is an intricate system that ensures the proper filtration, reabsorption, and
secretion processes required for overall health and well-being.

3. Understanding the structure and functions of nephron, and their types provides
valuable insights into the complex processes involved in urine formation. The
nephron’s remarkable capabilities enable the body to maintain a delicate balance
and eliminate waste effectively. By comprehending the significance of nephrons,
we can appreciate the intricacies of the human body’s filtration system.
Hope our article has introduced you to more interesting information about the
human body, and added extra knowledge. Tutoroot, as an educational institute
offers online interactive classes with a personalised touch. Click here to book a free
demo of our live interactive sessions for NEET Online Tuitions and much more for
the various boards.