What is watershed

water resources management

1. GoveRnment polytechnic dahod . Civil department – 4 th Sem.

2. Watershed Development

3. index What is Watershed Charecteristics of Watershed Advantages of Watershed Watershed Management Measures Types of Watershed Objectives of Watershed Aims of Watershed Rainwater Harvesting Development work carried out under Watershed treatment Economical Assessment of Watershed Project Role of Co-operative Society in Watershed Management

4. what is watershed A watershed can be defined as the drainage basin or catchment area of a particular stream or river. It refers to the area from where the water to the particular drainage system, like river or stream comes from. The topmost portion of the watershed is known as ridge. The line joining the ridge portion along the boundry of the watershed is called a RIDGE LINE. A water shed may be nearly flat or may include hills, hillocks, or mountain.

5. It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea. It affects the people living downstream It is a synonym of catchment or basin of a river coined for an area restricted to 2000sq. Km. A watershed is a basin like landform defined by peaks which are connected by ridges that descend into lower elevations and small valleys.

6. 1- Size 2- shape 3- phisiography 4- slope 5- climate 6- DRAINAGE 7- vegetation 8- geology&soils 9- hydrology 10- hydrogeology 11- socio-economic Charecteristics of watershed

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS All characteristics affect the disposal of water. SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off. SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, eg . pear, elongated etc. PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement: CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach. DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion beha vior.

8. VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops. GEOLOGY AND SOILS : Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available. HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater. SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.

9. ADVANTAGES OF WATERSHED ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SAVES TIME AND MONEY GREATER PEOPLES PARTICIPATION

10. Watersheds sustain life, in more ways than one.  According to the Environmental Protection Agency, more than $450 billion in foods, fiber, manufactured goods and tourism depend on clean, healthy watersheds. That is why proper watershed protection is necessary  to you and your community. Be part of our community! Every month, the Conservancy’s Great Places e-newsletter brings you conservation updates from Indiana and around the world — plus incredible nature photos and green living tips you can use. Join today — it's free! Watershed protection is a means of protecting a lake, river, or stream by managing the entire watershed that drains into it. Clean, healthy watersheds depend on an informed public to make the right decisions when it comes to the environment and actions made by the community. Watershed in environment friendly

11. Greater peoples participition The success of any developmental program depends upom the direct participation of the beneficiaries. Any developmental program without peoples participation remains only as governmental program paper. The points consider in this are: The peoples benefited by the project must be poor There should be primary evidence regarding attempts made by peoples to solve their problems. There should be at least 5% contribution of the total cost of the project from local villagers Selected work must be technically sound.

12. The matter decided for the development should be simple so that people can easily understand it. There should be resolution regarding consent of grampanchayat for maintenance & management of facilities to be developed. There should be a resolution passed in the grampanchayat that the benefits of the project will be shared by all the categories of people such as women SC/ST, etc.

13. Watershed management measures Watershed Management Soil Preservation . Structural Status Biological Erosion Vegetation Preservation. -Bio mass Quantity -Bio mass Quality

14. Types of Watersheds Small Watersheds Large Watersheds

15. Small Watersheds: The  Small Watershed  — A program created under the  Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act  ) and 1 of 3 programs that are combined into the  Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations Program . The Small Watershed Program is available in watersheds that are smaller than 250,000 acres (1,000 km 2 ). Currently, there are 515 active projects in this program. Watersheds generally contains design such as culverts, storm sewers, small bridges.

16. Large Watersheds: Area more than 2500 hec “Large watersheds are those give peak flows are greatly influenced by channel characteristics and basin storage”. Based on geographical area,the watersheds are classified as under: Sr. No Type of Watershed Area Covered 1 Micro Watershed 0 to 10 ha 2 Small Watershed 10 to 40 ha 3 Mini Watershed 40 to 200 ha 4 Sub Watershed 200 to 400 ha 5 Macro Watershed 400 to 1000 ha 6 River basin above 1000 ha

17. Improve the productive potentials of selected watersheds and their associated natural resource base. Sustainable alleviation of Poverty. Improved skills and employment opportunities for non-farm sectors Objectives of Watershed Development Programs

18. A watershed can be also described as further classifications

19. Aims of watershed development The aims of watershed development are: To preserve ecological balance. To retard the adverse effects of drought. Social and economic upliftment of poor and backward class peoples. To increase per capita income of the village people. To increase employment opportunities in the selected villages. To increase biomass production.

20. COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT The main consonants of watershed development are: Soil and land management Water management- talavdi Crop management Afforestation Rural management Farm and non-farm value addition activities

21. Rainwater Harvesting: Extreme conditions in future, human society will be bound to use different means of adaptation due to climatic changes. Old people said ‘capture water when it rains’. It is also true in the present context of water crisis. Today, the world is facing serious water shortage. Every drop of water is valuable because ‘where there is water there is life’. There has been increased aridity in India over the last few decades. Water scarcity is likely to increase in India due to increasing population .

22. Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting: 1.To reduce loss from surface runoff 2. To avoid flooding 3. To meet the increasing demands of water 4. To raise the water-table by recharging groundwater 5. To reduce groundwater contamination

23. Need for Rainwater Harvesting: Why does rainwater need to be harvested? It matters more today than any other time in the past. There are following reasons: 1. About 50% fresh water goes waste due to runoff. 2. More than 1 billion people lack clean drinking water globally. 3. Population increase is much faster than the increase in the amount of available fresh water. 4. Per capita availability of fresh water will further decrease in the coming years. 5. During summer and droughts, it will supplement the domestic water requirement.

24. 6. Climatic changes also lead to increase in precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, occurrence of storms and changes in biogeochemical processes affecting water quality. 7. It is essential to reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality of water. 8. It is a better option for providing clean and safe water particularly for drinking and other domestic uses (Table 15.3).

25. Points Kept in mind while selecting Site For Watershed Where Large Area Of Land Barren. Where There Is scarcity Of Drinking Water. Where Large Area Of Land Is Under group Ownership. Where Major Group Of People Belongs SC/ST Community. Undeveloped Area. The Area Under Grampanchayat.

26. Development Work Carried Out Under Watershed Treatment : 1. Construction of small Water Storage Works, Like Check Dams Khet Talavadi 2. Flood Control Measures, Like Flood Control Reservoirs Re-Vegetation

27. 3. Afforestation Nursery Development Fodder Development 4. To Conduct Various Type Of Surveys, Like Contour Survey Hydrological Survey Ground Water Study

28. 5. Agriculture Development Crop Rotation Study of soil Chemistry Suitability of crop 6. Erosion control measures Erosion control structures Contours terracing in hilly areas Re-vegetation

29. 7. Fisheries Development Ponds Tanks Farm Pond. 8. Promotion of Non-Conventional Energies energy Sources Energy conservation Bio-Fuel Plantation

30. Economical Assessment of watershed Project Aims : • Budget impact • The project increase economic stability. • Project attractive to private entities. • Long term work of inter-generation benefits • Multiple use and multi products • Externalities- indirect • Spatial distribution of costs and benefits • Difficulties in qualification and valuation

31. Factors and limits of Economic Assessment • Project worth • Project feasibility and attractions • Risk factors • Project design and various alternatives • Limitations • All benefits cannot be quantified • Depends on data • Major Techniques • With and without project approach • Discount – future value • Cost and benefit analysis

32. Role of co-operative society in watershed management The points considered in this management are as under: To increase faith of people in the government projects. To encourage people for research To encourage skill of people. To give new direction to the peoples viewpoints To explain importance of water to the people To give contribution in the form of labour