Wheat

wheat - Breeding and recent research

1. Breeding of Wheat GP-608 Advances in Breeding of Major Field Crops Submitted to - Dr. Farzana Jabeen Professor Dept. of GPBR Submitted by - B. Rachana RAD/18-18 Dept. of GPBR

2. Wheat ( T. aestivum ) Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae Genus: Triticum Species: Triticum aestivum 4/27/2019 GP-608 2

3. Introduction Wheat is a staple crop for a significant proportion of the world’s population. Wheat is rich in carbohydrates, protein and essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamins B and E, calcium and iron, as well as fibre . It is world’s most widely cultured crop occupying 22% cultivated areas. It is the major crop of USA, Canada and Asia, it is C3 crop not well adapted to tropical and subtropical condition. As many as 25 species recognised in the world, only 3 species namely, T.aestivum / vulgare (Bread wheat), T.durum ( Macroni wheat) & T. dicoccum (Emmer wheat) commercially grown in India. 4/27/2019 GP-608 3

4. History Cultivation of wheat began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent after about 8000 BC S pread of cultivated wheat started in the Fertile Crescent about 8500 BC, reaching Greece, Cyprus and India by 6500 BC, Egypt shortly after 6000 BC. The early Egyptians were developers of bread and the use of the oven and developed baking into one of the first large-scale food production industries- 4/27/2019 GP-608 4

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8. Origin Wheat has evolved from wild grasses. The centre of origin is South Asia. Large genetic variability is observed in Iran, Isreal , and Bordering countires . Ploidy level Origin Diploid (2X) Asia minor Tetraploid (4X) Abyssinia, North Africa Hexaploid (6X) Central Asia 4/27/2019 GP-608 8

9. Region of wheat origin: Region of wheat cultivation: 4/27/2019 GP-608 9

10. Global Wheat P roduction 4/27/2019 GP-608 10

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12. Wheat production in India 4/27/2019 GP-608 12

13. Wheat uses Foods made with wheat are a major part of the diet for over a third of the world's people. wheat can be found in some form at almost every meal. Breads, cookies, cakes, crackers, macaroni, spaghetti, and other forms of pasta are made from flour, which is ground up kernels of wheat. 4/27/2019 GP-608 13

14. Important Species of Wheat 4/27/2019 GP-608 14

15. Major cultivated species of wheat Durum - ( T. durum ) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat today. Einkorn - ( T. monococcum ) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants . One of the earliest cultivated, but rarely planted today. Common Wheat or Bread wheat - ( T. aestivum ) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. Emmer - ( T. dicocum ) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. Spelta - ( T. spelta ) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. 4/27/2019 GP-608 15

16. DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON WHEAT 4/27/2019 GP-608 16

17. Indian Wheat Classification Indian Wheat is largely soft / medium hard, medium protein (9 - 12.5%), bread wheat Three species of Wheat namely, (i) T. aestivum, (ii) T. durum and (iii) T. dicoccum are being cultivated in the country, as per details given as under : S.No. Species % Share of Production Major Growing Areas i T. aestivum 95% Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Parts of Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir ii T. durum 4% Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Gujarat, Southern Rajasthan and few locations in Punjab. iii T. dicoccum 1% Karnataka, Maharastra & Tamil Nadu 4/27/2019 GP-608 17

18. Floral Biology The inflorescence of wheat is called Ear or Head. In botanical terms it is called as spike. The unit is called spikelet. Each floret consists of lemma, palea , androecium and gynoecium. Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic. Each floret has three stamens with large anthers and a pistil bearing bifid feathery stigma. Wheat stamens are small and produce about 1000- 4000 pollen grains per anther. 4/27/2019 GP-608 18

19. Monocot species like wheat have caryopsis (cereal grains) as propagation units. Caryopses are single-seeded fruits in which the testa (seed coat) is fused with the thin pericarp (fruit coat) . Cereal grains have highly developed embryos and in cereal grains the triploid endosperm consists of the starchy endosperm (dead storage tissue) and the aleurone layer (living cells). Organs of the cereal embryo are: coleoptile (shoot sheath), scutellum , the radicula & the coleorhizae (root sheath). SEED 4/27/2019 GP-608 19

20. Mechanism of Pollination 4/27/2019 GP-608 20

21. Growth stages 4/27/2019 GP-608 21

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23. Yield potential Early Maturity Lodging resistance Winter hardiness Drought resistance Aluminum tolerance Disease resistance Insect resistance Grain quality 4/27/2019 GP-608 23

24. The CIMMYT, Mexico successfully utilized the unique wheat germplasm, Norin 10 for introducing dwarfing genes (Rht 1, Rht 2 ) for increasing the yield potential and resistance/tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses in modem wheat varieties. Indian wheat scientists could develop large number of improved wheat varieties from wheat germplasm introduced from CIMMYT, Mexico. Some of these varieties like Kalyansona, Sonalika, C-306, WH 147, WL 711, HD 2329, WH 542 and PBW 343 have become very popular among Indian farmers. INTRODUCTION 4/27/2019 GP-608 24

25. Cont.. Theoretical considerations suggest that wheat yield potential could be increased by up to 50% through the genetic improvement of radiation use efficiency (RUE). Trait-based hybridization strategies will aim to achieve their simultaneous expression in elite agronomic backgrounds, and wide crossing will be employed to augment genetic diversity where needed. Genomic selection approaches will be employed, especially for difficult-to-phenotype traits. 4/27/2019 GP-608 25

26. Research strategy to improve yield potential of wheat 4/27/2019 GP-608 26

27. Pure Line Selection In this method individual progenies are evaluated and promising progenies are finally selected old Indian tall varieties E.g. N-P-4, N-P-6, N-P-12, PB-12, PB-11 were developed by pure line selection . 4/27/2019 GP-608 27

28. The most common method used in self pollinated crops is pedigree method of selection. The crosses are made between complimentary lines and records are maintained of selections made over number of generations. The procedure provide selection opportunities generation after generations. It allow breeder to identify bet combination with considerable uniformity. The hybrid bulk selection method is relatively inexpensive, in which generations are advanced without selection till F5 to F6 and much material can be handled, nut often difficulty is isolation of superior recombination. To overcome, this difficulty single decent method of selection is used in which population remain constant over segregation generations. Varieties: a) Tilmely sown: NIAW-34, NIAW-301, NIAW-2496, HD-2278, HD-2189. b) Late Sown :  HD-2501, Sonalika , HI-977, etc . Pedigree Method 4/27/2019 GP-608 28

29. Back Cross Method This method is used when variety otherwise is good, high yielding but deficient in simply inherited trait. The obvious effect of this method the production potential of improved variety is fixed at the level of recurrent variety. Recently identified donors always are used in back cross breeding programme . Stem Rust: Resistance gene- Sr2 From variety Hope. Leaf Rust: Resistance gene – Lr 13 from variety Sonalika 4/27/2019 GP-608 29

30. Multiline Breeding It is extension of back cross breeding and could be called Multilateral backcrossing. It consist of spontaneous back cross programme to produce isogenic lines for resistance to disease, in back ground of some recurrent parent. Each isogenic line will be similar to recurrent parent but they will differ for resistance to various physiological farms of diseases. A mixture of these isogenic lines is called multiline variety. E.g . ML-KS-11 (PAU, Ludhiana) and Bithoor developed at CSAUAT, Kanpur. 4/27/2019 GP-608 30

31. Mutation Breeding This method is used in depleted gene pool situation. Chemical mutagenes EMS provide broad spectrum genetic changes with lesser sterility effects, as compared to X ray or particular mutation. Varieties developed are 1) NP836, Sarbati Sonora, Pusa larma , etc. are examples of induced mutation and NP-11 is the examples of spontaneous mutation . 4/27/2019 GP-608 31

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43. Biotechnology In vitro production of haploids- Anther or pollen culture is used to produce the haploid plants. The frequency of obtaining haploids increase when anthers are treated with cold socks and heat treatments. The haploids when treated with colchicines , the homozygous diploid line can developed in short period and can be used in hybrid breeding programme . The plantlets can be tested in vitro for different stresses drought, salt, disease etc. to evaluate before field screening. 4/27/2019 GP-608 43

44. Speed breeding of wheat Dr. Lee Hickey Technology first used by NASA to grow plants extra-terrestrially is fast tracking improvements in a range of crops . Speed breeding uses enhanced LED lighting and day-long regimes of up to 22 hours to optimise photosynthesis and promote rapid growth of crops. It speeds up the breeding cycle of plants: for example, six generations of wheat can be grown per year, compared to two generations using traditional breeding methods . By shortening breeding cycles, the method allows scientists and plant breeders to fast-track genetic improvements such as yield gain, disease resistance and climate resilience in a range of crops such as wheat, barley, oilseed rape and pea. 4/27/2019 GP-608 44

45. Major breakthrough in deciphering bread wheat’s genetic code In one of the largest genome projects ever undertaken UK scientists have published a draft sequence of the wheat genome in 2018. They identified about 96,000 genes and placed them in an approximate order. Completing this sequence represents a major achievement because wheat has a very large and complex genome. Bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) is a complex hybrid, composed of the complete genomes of three closely related grasses. It is like having tens of billions of Scrabble letters; you know which letters are present, and their quantities, but they need to be assembled on the board in the right sequence before you can spell out their order into genes’ Professor Neil Hall. The research will accelerate wheat improvement by allowing wheat breeders and scientists to identify useful genetic variation and select plants that can resist drought and disease. Interesting fact: The bread wheat genome is five times larger than the human genome and there are three genomes in each plant. 4/27/2019 GP-608 45

46. Rothamsted Wheat Trial: Second generation GM technology to emulate natural plant defence mechanisms Currently a large proportion of UK wheat is treated with broad spectrum chemical insecticides to control cereal aphids. Unfortunately, repeated use of insecticides often leads to resistant aphids and kills other non-target insect species including the natural enemies of aphids. Scientists from Rothamsted Research have conducted a controlled experiment, combining modern genetic engineering with their knowledge of natural plant defences to test whether wheat can repel aphid attack in the field. Their approach has been to use a natural odour, or alarm pheromone, which aphids produce to alert one another to danger. This odour also attracts the natural enemies of aphids, e.g. ladybirds. 4/27/2019 GP-608 46

47. International Programmes : CIMMYT: International wheat and maize development center- Mexico- It has 20 substations in the world. UNDP: United Nation Development Programme - Washington, financed by World Bank. National Programme : AICOWIP: All India coordinated Wheat Improvement Project Established – 1965 New Delhi IARI. WPD: Wheat Project Directorate- Established -1991. Shifted to Karnal - Multidisciplinary M ultilocational Research Programme . Collaborating Centres : ARS Mahabaleshwar , ARS Niphad , MKV Parbhani , PDKV Akola, ARS Wasim and MACS Pune. 4/27/2019 GP-608 47

48. F uture Thrust Improving the yield potential through, redesigning plant architecture & genetic manipulations, including use of biotechnology. Identifying & Utilizing new sources of resistance to biotic & abiotic stresses. Reduce the cost of production through crop production and protection technologies to make wheat more competitive in global market. Improving grain quality for domestic purpose. Decreasing the existing yield gaps through timely supply of improved quality seed and other inputs to farmers . 4/27/2019 GP-608 48

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