wheat (Triticum aestivum) Presentationnn

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Presentation

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important staple crops worldwide, serving as a primary source of food for billions of people. It belongs to the Poaceae family and is widely cultivated for its grain, which is processed into flour for making bread, pasta, and various other food products. Wheat is known for its adaptability to different climates and soil conditions, making it a vital component of global agriculture.

Wheat production is categorized into different types, including hard wheat, soft wheat, durum wheat, and winter and spring wheat varieties. Hard wheat is rich in protein and used for bread-making, while soft wheat is lower in protein and preferred for pastries and cakes. Durum wheat is ideal for pasta production due to its high gluten content.

The growth cycle of wheat includes key stages such as germination, tillering, jointing, booting, heading, flowering, and grain filling. It requires well-drained, fertile soils with moderate rainfall and a temperate climate for optimal growth. Proper crop management, including irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, is essential for achieving high yields and quality grain production.

Wheat plays a crucial role in food security and global trade. It is a major commodity in international markets, with countries like China, India, Russia, and the United States being the top producers. Advances in breeding and biotechnology have led to the development of high-yielding and disease-resistant wheat varieties, ensuring sustainable production in the face of climate change.

In conclusion, wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a fundamental crop that supports global food systems. Its versatility, nutritional value, and economic significance make it a key agricultural product that continues to shape human civilization and food supply chains worldwide.

1. Triticum aestivum Wheat Canizares, Jecris Demata, Josephine Indus, Jason Earl Montecillo, Llyodrene MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

2. Genetic Description, Taxonomic Classification, & History and Domestication Table of contents Introduction Breeds/Varieties/Cultivar, & Genetic and Livestock Improvement Body Summary & Conclusion + References Conclusion 01 02 03 Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

3. Introduction 01 Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

4. Wheat ( Triticum spp. ) stands as one of humanity’s most crucial cereal crops, feeding approximately 35% of the world’s population. This grain provides essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins , minerals and vitamins, making it a cornerstone of global food security. It’s adaptability to various climatic conditions and high nutritional value has established staple food worldwide. Wheat represents a quintessential example of human agricultural innovation, tracing its origins to the Fertile Crescent approximately 10,000 years ago. Through millennia of selective breeding and modern genetic interventions, wheat has evolved from a wild grass to a global agricultural staple. The crop's genetic modification demonstrates humanity's capacity to transform plant species, developing varieties that enhance yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

5. Wheat (Triticum spp.), a vital cereal crop, possesses a complex hexaploid genome (AABBDD) comprising approximately 16 billion base pairs. Its genetic structure is characterized by an exceptionally high proportion of repetitive DNA sequences, accounting for about 90% of its genome. These repetitive elements, including transposable elements and long terminal repeat retrotransposons, play a crucial role in genome evolution and structural variation. The AABBDD genome structure reflects a sophisticated evolutionary history, resulting from successive hybridization events involving Triticum urartu (A genome), an unknown Sitopsis species (B genome), and Aegilops tauschii (D genome). This polyploidization process has been fundamental to wheat's genetic adaptability and widespread agricultural success. Genetic Description MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

6. Taxonomic Classification KINGDOM Plantae PHYLUM Tracheophyta CLASS Magnoliopsida ORDER Poales FAMILY Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Genus Triticum Species T. aestivum (common wheat) T. durum (Durum wheat) T. spelta ( Spelt wheat) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

7. History and Domestication/Cultivation MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

8. Wheat's Diversity: There are approximately 25,000 different cultivars of wheat globally. Domestication Timeline: Wheat was domesticated at least 12,000 years ago. Ancestor Plant: It originated from a wild ancestor, emmer wheat Wild Emmer Characteristics: Scientific Names: Variously reported as T. araraticum, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, or T. dicocoides. History of Wheat ( T. aestivum ) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

9. Plant Type: A self-pollinating, winter annual grass. Family and Tribe: Belongs to the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. Geographic Distribution: Primarily found in the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent (Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, eastern Turkey, western Iran, and northern Iraq). Growth Conditions: Thrives in areas with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters with inconsistent rainfall. History of Wheat ( T. aestivum ) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

10. Body 02 Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

11. Wheat is classified into various breeds, varieties, and cultivars based on their characteristics and intended uses that reflects its diverse applications in food production. Breeds/varieties/ Cultivar MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

12. Hexaploid Species (6N) Triticum aestivum (Common wheat or bread wheat): The most widely cultivated species globally. Triticum spelta (Spelt): Grown for artisanal bread and pasta. Tetraploid Species (4N) Triticum durum (Durum wheat): Primarily used for pasta. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Emmer wheat): An ancient cultivated species. Triticum turgidum subsp. durum : A type of durum wheat. Diploid Species (2N) Triticum monococcum (Einkorn wheat): The earliest domesticated wheat. Triticum urartu : The wild ancestor of the A genome in common wheat. Major Species of Wheat MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

13. The most widely cultivated wheat species globally Used for bread-making, pastries, and numerous processed foods Hexaploid wheat with six sets of chromosomes Adaptable to various growing conditions Common place: West Asia Triticum aestivum MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

14. An ancient wheat variety with a nutty, slightly sweet flavor Higher protein and mineral content compared to common wheat Often used in health foods, breads, and specialty products More tolerant of poor soil conditions Common place: Germany Triticum spelta (Spelt) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

15. Tetraploid wheat with four sets of chromosomes Primary wheat used for making pasta and couscous Hard wheat with high protein content Yellow-amber colored grains Common place: Middle East Triticum durum MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

16. One of the earliest domesticated wheat varieties Ancient grain used in traditional Middle Eastern and European cuisines Lower yield but higher nutritional value Typically used in whole grain products Common place: Mountainous regions of Europe and Asia Triticum turgidum subsp. Dicoccum (Emmer wheat) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

17. A subspecies specifically cultivated for pasta production High protein and gluten content Harder grain structure ideal for pasta-making Grown primarily in Mediterranean regions Triticum turgidum subsp. durum MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

18. The most primitive wheat species Low-yield, diploid wheat with two sets of chromosomes Higher protein and trace minerals Often used in artisanal and gluten-sensitive diets Diploid wheat with 14 chromosomes (2n=2x=14), making it genetically simpler than modern wheat Triticum monococcum MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

19. Genetic ancestor contributing to the A genome in cultivated wheats Ancient diploid wheat species (2n=2x=14), discovered in 1934 by Russian botanist M.G. Tumanian. Important as the A-genome donor for modern polyploid wheat varieties (bread and durum wheat) Native to: - Southeastern, Turkey, Armenia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, & Iran Triticum urartu (Red Wild Einkorn) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

20. Mars is actually a extremely cold place Genetic and Livestock Improvement Mars Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Venus has extremely high temperatures Venus Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Saturn MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental Canizares, J, Demata,J Indus, JE, Montecillo, LN

21. Venus has extremely high temperatures Mars Reviewing concepts is a good idea Mars is actually a very cold place Venus Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

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23. “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” —Someone Famous MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWA N College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

24. 1,500,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN C ollege of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

25. 75,000 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 75% 100,000 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental 45% Mars is actually a very cold place

26. 25% 50% 75% 95% It’s the closest planet to the Sun Venus it’s the second planet from the sun Mercury Mars is full of iron oxide dust Venus Mars Let’s use some percentages Saturn is a gas giant with rings Saturn MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

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28. You can replace the image on the screen with your own work. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image” Tablet mockup MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

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30. This is a map Mars Mars is actually a very cold place Venus Venus has extremely high temperatures Saturn Saturn was named after a roman god MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY AT NAAWAN College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Science (CAFES) 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental

31. A timeline always works well Mercury It’s s the closest planet to the Sun Mars Mars is full of iron oxide dust Venus Venus has a very beautiful name Pluto It’s considered a dwarf planet 01 02 03 04

32. Infographics represent your idea 03 01 02 04 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus has a beautiful name Mars is full of iron oxide dust Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter doesn’t have a solid surface Jupiter 01 02 03 04

33. Tables represent your data in a clear way Year Campaign summary Benefits More info 2XXX Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place +$5,000 It’s full of iron oxide dust 2XXX Venus is the second planet from the Sun +$17,000 Venus is a hot planet 2XXX Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium +$150,000 Saturn is the ringed planet 2XXX Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System +$125,000 Jupiter is a huge gas giant

34. You can use this graph Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Venus is the second planet from the Sun Venus Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 30K

35. Our team You can speak a bit about this person here John Jones You can speak a bit about this person here Sarah Doe You can speak a bit about this person here Lisa Smith

36. Wheat crop cycle 01 Venus has extremely high temperatures Venus Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 02 04 03

37. Cultivation process during the seasons Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 25% Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 50% Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 75% Saturn has a high number of moons, like Jupiter Saturn 95%

38. Nutritional values of wheat 01 02 03 Carbs Fiber Vitamins Wheat Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 45% 35% 20%

39. Culinary uses of wheat Recipe Usage Carbs Proteins Fats Bread Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s hot 60% 30% 10% Pastries Earth is the planet on which we all live Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 45% 35% 20% Pasta Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet 70% 20% 10% Desserts Venus is the second planet from the Sun Venus is extremely hot, even more than Mercury 50% 45% 5% Beer The Sun is the star that we all orbit The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite 45% 40% 15%

40. Source of fiber and essential nutrients Neptune is far away from Earth Neptune It’s the biggest planet of them all Jupiter It has extremely high temperatures Venus 01 02 03

41. The role of wheat in the economy Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn Neptune is far away from us Neptune Mars is a cold planet Mars Jupiter is a gas giant Jupiter We all live on Earth Earth Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the entire Solar System. This planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal, since Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god 25% 50% 75% 65% 45%

42. Multiple ways to use wheat 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Mercury Mercury is very small Venus Venus is a very hot planet Earth We all live on planet earth Jupiter Jupiter is a huge gas giant Neptune Neptune is an ice giant Mars Mars is a very cold planet Saturn Saturn is the ringed planet

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