whwhjajajnanananananmaam-calag-group-4.pptx

ahahsjsjsjsjsjsj

1. Lesson 1: Health and Community Module II: Community Health

2. World Health Organization (WHO): “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Community Health: "Refers to the healthy status of the member of the community to solve the problems affecting their health and to the totality of a health care provided for the community'. - According to WHO

3. Public Health: Focuses on the health of populations, emphasizing prevention, health promotion, and prolonging life through organized community efforts Focus of Public Health: Protect and improve the health of communities Prevent disease and injury Promote healthy lifestyles and environments Ensure access to quality healthcare services Address social determinants of health

4. The Role of Community in Promoting Health Communities play a crucial role in promoting health by: Providing social support and networks that encourage healthy behaviors. Creating environments that facilitate access to healthcare services. Organizing health education and awareness programs. Advocating for policies that improve living conditions. Social Determinants of Health Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These factors significantly influence health outcomes and include: Economic stability (income, employment) Education access and quality Healthcare access and quality Neighborhood and built environment (housing, transportation)

5. Lesson 2: Preventive Approach to Health:

6. Preventive approach to health: A preventive approach to health involves taking action to prevent illness, injury, and premature death rather than waiting for them to occur. This proactive strategy includes healthy lifestyle choices like balanced diets and regular exercise, getting vaccinations, undergoing screenings for diseases, and receiving counseling on health risks to maintain well-being and extend a healthy lifespan . Types of Preventive Care Preventive care is often categorized into several levels: Primordial Prevention : Aims to stop risk factors for disease from developing in the first place Primary Prevention : Focuses on preventing diseases from happening in the first place by targeting healthy individuals.

7. Types of Preventive Care Preventive care is often categorized into several levels: Secondary Prevention : Involves early detection and treatment of a disease or injury to halt or slow its progress. Tertiary Prevention : Designed to manage existing, chronic illnesses to improve function, quality of life, and life expectancy. Key Components of a Preventive Approach Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Balanced Diet : Eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, and limiting added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium. Regular Exercise : Engaging in physical activity to manage weight, improve mental well-being, and reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Avoiding Harmful Habits: Abstaining from smoking and limiting alcohol consumption. Medical Interventions: Immunizations: Getting vaccinated against preventable infectious diseases.

8. Key Components of a Preventive Approach Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Screenings: Participating in regular screenings for conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and various cancers. Counseling : Receiving advice from a primary care physician on topics like smoking cessation, balanced eating, and weight management

9. Lesson 3: Epidemiology

10. Epidemiology The epidemiology of community health is the application of epidemiological principles to study the distribution, determinants, and health of populations within a community to prevent disease and promote health. This involves using data and research methods to identify health problems, understand their causes and risk factors, and evaluate interventions to improve community well-being. Key activities include disease surveillance, risk factor analysis, and the design of public health policies and programs to address community-specific health challenges. Key Concepts Disease Frequency: Measuring how often diseases occur within a population using rates, ratios, and proportions . Distribution: Describing the patterns of disease occurrence in a population, including factors like time, place, and personal characteristics. Determinants: Identifying the factors or causes that influence health and disease in a population, such as lifestyle, environment, and genetics. Health Promotion: Using epidemiological knowledge to design interventions that prevent disease and promote overall community health..

11. How Epidemiology is Used in Community Health Disease Surveillance: Monitoring disease trends, identifying outbreaks, and guiding timely responses to public health emergencies. Identifying Risk Factors: Pinpointing specific risk factors for various diseases to enable targeted prevention strategies. Community Health Planning: Providing the data needed to plan and evaluate health programs and policies that address specific community needs. Evaluating Interventions: Assessing the effectiveness of public health initiatives and interventions designed to improve community health outcomes. Understanding Social Determinants: Investigating social, economic, and environmental factors that affect health disparities and influence health outcomes at the population level . Goals of Epidemiology in Community Health: To "diagnose" the health of a community by identifying its specific health problems and their underlying causes. To control and prevent disease by developing and implementing effective public health interventions. To improve the overall health and well-being of the community through evidence-based practice and policy.

12. Unit II: Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Disease and Health Conditions Lesson 1: Classification of Disease and Health Problems

13. Classification of Diseases and Health Problems 1. Based on Cause Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites (e.g., influenza, tuberculosis, malaria). Non-infectious Diseases: Not caused by infectious agents; often related to genetics, environment, or lifestyle (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, cancer). Genetic Diseases: Result from abnormalities in genes or chromosomes (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia). Environmental Diseases: Caused by exposure to environmental hazards (e.g., asbestosis, lead poisoning). 2. Based on Duration Acute Diseases: Rapid onset, short duration (e.g., influenza, appendicitis). Chronic Diseases: Long-lasting, often lifelong (e.g., heart disease, arthritis).

14. Classification of Diseases and Health Problems 3. Based on Body System Affected Cardiovascular Diseases: Affect the heart and blood vessels (e.g., coronary artery disease). Respiratory Diseases: Affect lungs and respiratory system (e.g., asthma, COPD). – Digestive Diseases:Involve gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastritis, Crohn's disease). Nervous System Diseases:Affect brain, spinal cord, nerves (e.g., Parkinson’s disease). Musculoskeletal Diseases: Involve muscles, bones, joints (e.g., osteoporosis) 4. Based on Severity Mild Diseases: Slightly impair health (e.g., common cold). Serious Diseases: Significantly affect health, may be life-threatening (e.g., cancer). Terminal Diseases: Lead to death (e.g., late-stage cancer).

15. Classification of Diseases and Health Problems 5. Based on Mode of Transmission Communicable (Contagious) Diseases: Spread from person to person (e.g., measles, COVID-19). Non-communicable Diseases: Not spread through infection (e.g., diabetes, hypertension). 6. Other Classifications Preventable Diseases: Can be avoided through preventive measures (e.g., polio, measles). Non-preventable Diseases: Cannot be entirely prevented (e.g., genetic disorders).

16. Lesson 2: Communicable and Non-communicable

17. Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These diseases are contagious, meaning they can spread from one person to another through direct contact, air, water, food, or vectors like mosquitoes. Examples include: Tuberculosis (TB) Influenza (Flu) COVID-19 Malaria Dengue fever Prevention and Control: Practicing good hygiene like handwashing Vaccination programs Proper sanitation and clean water supply Avoiding close contact with infected persons Using protective measures like masks and mosquito nets

18. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Non-communicable diseases are not spread from one person to another. They are often chronic and long-lasting, usually linked to lifestyle, genetics, and environmental factors. NCDs are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Examples include: Diabetes Heart disease Cancer Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD) Hypertension Prevention and Control: Maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol use Regular medical checkups for early detection Managing stress and maintaining a balanced lifestyle

19. Lesson 2: Communicable and Non-communicable

20. Disease prevention, intervention, control, and eradication Disease prevention, intervention, control, and eradication are key strategies in public health, each with a specific focus and set of actions to reduce the impact of diseases on communities. 1. Prevention: Aims to reduce the risk of disease through proactive measures. Goal: Reduce the occurrence of new cases. Examples: Vaccination: Routine immunization campaigns to prevent infectious diseases. Health Education: Promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases .

21. 2. Intervention: Involves identifying and treating individuals already affected to prevent further spread. Goal: Stop the transmission of disease from infected individuals. Examples: Contact Tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have come into contact with an infected person. Partner Services: Providing counseling, testing, and referrals to individuals at risk of STIs.. 3. Control: Focuses on reducing the incidence, prevalence, or impact of a disease to an acceptable level through sustained efforts. Goal: Manage disease to minimize its impact on the population. Examples: Vector Control: Controlling mosquito populations to reduce the spread of malaria and dengue fever. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Promoting the appropriate use of antibiotics to prevent antibiotic resistance.

22. 4. Eradication: Seeks the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent. Goal: Eliminate the disease globally, so intervention measures are no longer needed. Example: Smallpox Eradication: Successful global effort led by the WHO to eradicate smallpox through vaccination. Polio Eradication: Ongoing efforts to eradicate polio through high immunization coverage and disease surveillance.

23. Thank you!