Wilsonian and spoil system / Classical and Neoclassical Proponent of Public Administration

Origin and Development of Public Administration

1. Origin and Development of Public Administration Mark Jason Corda MPA 202 - THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2. Wilsonian Moment Spoil System V. S

3. Wilsonian Moment Woodraw Wilsons 1856 - 1924 Father of Public Administration

4. WOODROW WILSON 1856 - 1924 Father of Public Administration Father Of Public Administration Thomas Woodrow Wilson Born: 28, December 1856 28th President of USA 1913 His Famous Essay ‘THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION” Professor of Political Science, Administrative, Scholar, Historian, Educationist, Reformer and Statesman Died: 3, February 1924 Personal Life

5. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE NON DELEGATION JUDICIAL DEFERENCE PROCEDURAL RIGHTS EXECUTIVE CONTROL OF AGENCIES A GENCY DYNAMICS

6. THE NEED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT Wilson's article argues that the increasing complexity of society and corresponding issues of public policy require administrative methods of government to deal with. He argues that questions of administration are of more practical importance to the function of American government than constitutional questions: ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL GOVERNMENT THE CONSTITUTION Wilson's article argues that administrative government is and ought to be separate from political government and that they are only connected when political officials set the tasks and broad goals for administrators to carry out and implement in detail:

7. THE HISTORICAL TRANSITION TO ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT Wilson's article divides the history of government in Europe and the United States into three parts, the first based on absolute sovereign rulers, the second on democracy and constitutions , and the third on administrative government implemented and approved through democracy : ADMINISTRATIVE POWER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DEMOCRACY According to Wilson's article, administrators must be given great power and discretion in order to perform their roles effectively and efficiently . For Wilson, this is an essential feature of administrative government , and preferable to a system that minimizes or divides and thus limits the power of administrators:

8. IMPROVING CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY WITH ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS Wilson's article argues that constitutional democracy must be improved by the implementation of administrative methods of government, and by the hiring of an educated, qualified civil service based on competitive examinations: Wilson's article argues that the detailed study of public administration and the use of administrative methods are necessary for the government of a complex industrial society . He suggests that the United States study and apply administrative methods employed by other governments, including undemocratic ones:

9. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS to end the war

10. On january 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson went before Congress to explain his war aims. Although the war was still raging, he started an ambitious program to make the world “fit and safe to live in’’ He called his blueprint for peace the Fourteen Points.

11. End Causes of War TO ELIMINATE THE CAUSES OF WARS 1

12. Self-Determination TO ENSURE THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS SO THEY COULD CONTROL THEIR OWN POLITICAL FUTURES. 2

13. League of Nations The last goal called for setting up an international organization called the league of nations to ensure world peace. Member nations would agree to protect one another’s independence and territorial integrity.

14. Territorial Integrity Under the principle of territorial integrity , nations respect one another's borders and do not try to gain another country’s territory by force

15. FOURTEEN POINTS 1 No Secret Alliances FOURTEEN POINTS 2 Countries would not make secret treaties and alliances Freedom of Navigation Countries would not make secret treaties and alliances

16. FOURTEEN POINTS 3 End to all economic barriers FOURTEEN POINTS 4 The removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions. Reduce weapon numbers Armaments will be reduce to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety

17. FOURTEEN POINTS 5 Decision regarding colonies should be impartial FOURTEEN POINTS 6 A free, open minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims German army is to be removed from Russia and develop her own political set-up

18. FOURTEEN POINTS 7 Belgium should be independent like before the war FOURTEEN POINTS 8 France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine

19. FOURTEEN POINTS 9 All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. FOURTEEN POINTS 10 Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary

20. FOURTEEN POINTS 11 Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan States FOURTEEN POINTS 12 The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves

21. FOURTEEN POINTS 13 An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea FOURTEEN POINTS 14 A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.

22. The Spoils System ANDREW JACKSON 1767 - 1845 Founding the Democratic Party

23. Founder of Democratic Party Andrew Jackson Born: 15, March 1767 7th President of USA 1829 His Famous ‘THE FOUNDER OF DEMOCRATIC PARTY” Was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman Died: 8, June 1829 Personal Life ANDREW JACKSON 1767 - 1845 Founding the Democratic Party

24. THE SPOIL SYSTEM When Jackson was president, he fired 20% of federal officials and put in his supporters that helped him during the election of 1828. This was known as the Spoils System This was well known for the saying, ‘’ To the victor belongs the spoil .’’ The meaning of the spoil system was to give appointive jobs to loyal members of the party in powe r

25. JACKSON’S THOUGHTS Spoil System

26. He thought that many took their job for granted He wanted to get rid of them because he thought that some of the federal officials were corrupt before Jackson was elected. Thought that changing the system of office would be able to reduce corruption. Thought that this was good for democracy. Thought it was a great way to reward his supporters of the 1828 elections.

27. ADVANTAGES HELPED THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY TO BECOME POWERFUL MADE SURE EVERYTHING STOOD IN PLACE

28. DIS ADVANTAGES DID NOT CARE ABOUT THE WORKERS ABILITY IN DOING THEIR JOB HE FIRED MANY EXPERIENCED WORKERS

29. THANK YOU!

30. CLASSICAL & NEOCLASSICAL Proponents of Public Administration

31. CLASSICAL THEORY It is a branch of Management Theory Evolved between late 19th century and early 20th century. To find out the best way to do the task. The classical theory of management is divided in mainly focus areas Scientific Management Administrative Management Bureaucratic Management

32. Scientific Management F.W. TAYLOR 1856 - 1915 Father of Scientific Management He is known as the father of Scientific Management To do a task, the best way is: Perform task with Systematic Study And with Scientific Method He believed that improved management practices led to improved productivity. F.W. Taylor believed that these three tools should be used for management Task Performance Supervision Motivation

33. Task Performance Scientific management incorporates basic expectations of management including: DEVELOPMENT OF WORK STANDARDS SELECTION OF WORKERS TRAINING OF WORKERS SUPPORT OF WORKERS

34. SUPERVISION Taylor felt that single supervisor could not be an expert at all task Managers must provides detailed instructions and supervision to each worker to ensure the job is done in a scientific way

35. MOTIVISION Taylor believed money was the way motivated workers to their fullest capabilities. Workers who met a standard level of production were paid a standard wage rate. Workers whose production exceeded the standard were paid at a higher rate for all of their production output

36. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Scientific Selection, Training and Development of Workers Close Co-Operation between Worker and Management Maximum Prosperity for both Employers & Employees Equal Division of Work and Responsibilities Mental Revolution

37. Scientific Management Techniques Functional Foremanship Differential Wage System/ Differential Piece Rate Scientific Study of Work Standardization of Work Work is divided into small parts and each part is assigned to an expert. Workers should work according to the given standard by the company. It means to conduct a work according to time, motion, eliminating useless activities which hinders the course of task. Wages are paid on the basis of the work done and not on the basis of time spent in doing the work.

38. Administrative Management HENRI FAYOL 1841 - 1925 Father of Administrative Management He is known as the father of Administrative Management First recognized that successful managers had to understand the basic managerial function s D eveloped a set of 14 general principles of management

39. FAYOL’S GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

40. Principles of Management Division of Work Unity of Command Discipline Authority and Responsibility Equal Work Division according to their capabilities. Parity b/w authority and responsibility of work given to a worker. Must follow rules and regulations. One worker should be allotted with a single instructor.

41. Principles of Management Unity of Direction Centralization Remuneration of Personnel Subordination of individual interest to the common good All workers should go in one direction only which is the target of the company Workers personal interest should be secondary and company goals should be primary. Workers should be paid according to their capabilities, eligibility and task performance. The power of making any decision for the company is in the hands of top level management

42. Principles of Management Scalar Chain Stability Equity Order Fig. 1 . Task should be perform step by step Equality between workers Management should provide a meaning of security

43. Principles of Management Esprit de corps Initiative Workers should be encouraged to give their opinions Unity is Strength

44. Bureaucratic Management Focuses on the overall organizational system. Bureaucratic Management Firm rules Policies and procedures A fixed hierarchy. A clear division of labor

45. Bureaucratic Management MAX WEBER 1864 - 1920 A German sociologist and historian who envisioned a system of management that would be based upon impersonal and rational behavior-the approach to management now referred to as “bureaucracy.’ ’ Weber

46. Bureaucratic Management MAX WEBER 1864 - 1920 Features: Division of labor Hierarchy of Authority Rules and Procedures Impersonality Employee selection and promotion Weber

47. Bureaucratic Hierarchical Power Structure Top Management Middle Management Middle Management First-Line Management First-Line Management First-Line Management First-Line Management W orker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker

48. NEO- CLASSICAL THEORY Classical Perspective Focused on rational behavior Behavioral Perspective Acknowledged the importance of human behavior

49. Behavioral Perspective Acknowledge the importance of human behavior in shaping management style. Followed the classical perspective in the development of management thought. Is associated with: Mary Parker Follett, Elton Mayo, Douglas McGregor, Chester Barnard

50. Elton Mayo ELTON MAYO 1880 - 1949 Father of Human Resource Management Conducted the famous Hawthorne Experiments. ‘’Hawthorne Effect’’ - Human relations approach Productivity increased because attention was paid to the workers in the experiment. Phenomenon whereby individual or group performance is influenced by human behavior factor

51. Douglas McGregor DOUGLAS MCGREGOR 1906- 1964 Proposed the Theory X and Theory Y styles of management. Theory X managers perceive that their subordinates have an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if at all possible. Theory Y managers perceive that their subordinates enjoy work and that they will gain satisfaction from performing their jobs.

52. C omparison of Theory X and Y Assumptions Factor Theory X Assumptions Theory Y Assumptions Employee attitude toward work Management view of direction Employee view of direction Employees dislike work and will avoid it at all possible Employees must be directed, coerced, controlled, or threatened to get them to put forth adequate effort. Employees wish to avoid responsibility; they prefer to be directed and told what to do and how to do it Employees enjoy work and will actively seek it. Employees mare self-motivated and self-directed toward achieving organizational goals. Employees seek responsibility ; they wish to use their creativity; imagination and ingenuity in performing their jobs.

53. Any Questions?

54. Thank you!