Wind energy and Their Application

wind energy, wind mills, windmills types, renewable energy

1. SUBJECT
Renewable Energy and Green
Technology
TOPIC
Wind Energy and Their
Application
by
Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan
Assistant Professor
JNKVV-College of Agriculture
Powarkheda, Hoshangabad
1

2. Global Status of Wind Energy
•Windistheworld'sfastestgrowingenergysourcetodayand
ithasbeenretainingthispositionconsecutivelyforthelastfive
years.
•Theglobalwindpowercapacityhasincreasedbyafactorof4.2
duringthelastfiveyears.
•Indiastandson6
th
positionwithinstalledcapacityof47.7TWhin
2017.
•InIndia,TamilNaduisthehighestwindenergyproducingstate
withcapacityof9231.77MW.
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3. JNKVV-College of Agriculture, Powarkheda 3
Top Wind Power Producing Countries in 2017
305
257
106
50
49.1
47.7
42.3
28.8
24.7
17.9
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
China
United States
Germany
United Kingdom
Spain
India
Brazil
Canada
France
Turkey
Wind-power Production (TWh)
Wind-power Production (TWh)

4. Installed Wind
Capacity by
State as of 31
October 2019
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S.No. State Total Capacity (MW)
1 Tamil Nadu 9231.77
2 Gujarat 7203.77
3 Maharashtra 4794.13
4 Karnataka 4753.40
5 Rajasthan 4299.73
6 Andhra Pradesh 4077.37
7 Madhya Pradesh 2519.89
8 Telangana 128.10
9 Kerala 62.50
10 Others 4.30
Total 37090.03

5. Wind
•Airinmotioniscalledwind.
•Thewindsontheearthsurfacearecausedprimarilybytheunequalheatingofthe
landandwaterbythesun.
•Thedifferencesintemperaturegradientsinducethecirculationofairfromone
zonetoanother.
Windsarecausedonearthdueto:
1.Theabsorptionofsolarenergyonearthsurfaceanditsatmosphere.Thepressure
andtemperaturegradientscauseswindsorwindflow.
2.Alsotherotationofearthaboutitsaxisanditsmovementaroundthesuncauses
theflowofwind.
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6. Factors Affecting The Wind
1.Latitude of the place
2.Altitude of the place.
3.Topography of the place
4.Scale of the hour, month or year.
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7. Wind Energy
•Energyderivedfromwindvelocityiswindenergy.
•Itisanon-conventionaltypeofenergy,whichisrenewablewithsuitable
devices.
•Thisenergycanbeusedasaperennialsourceofenergy.
•Windenergyisobtainedwiththehelpofwindmill.
•Thekineticenergyofwindisconvertedintousefulshaftpowerbywind
mills.
•Theminimumwindspeedof10kmphisconsideredtobeusefulfor
workingwindmillsforagriculturalpurpose.
•Alongtheseacoastandhillyareas,windmillsarelikelytobemost
successfulinKarnataka,MaharastraandGujarat.
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8. JNKVV-College of Agriculture, Powarkheda
•The wind energy over earth is
estimated to be 1.6×10
7
M.W,
which is equivalent to the energy
consumed.
•But, the wind energy is available
in dilute form.
•The conversion machines are
large.
•The wind energy varies from time
to time and place to place, due to
this reason some storage facility is
required.
8
Availability of Wind Energy

9. Suitableplacesfortheerectionofwindmills
•Off-shoreandontheseacoast:Anaveragevalueon
thecoastis2400kWH/m
2
/year.
•Mountains:Anaveragevalueis1600KWH/m
2
/year.
•Plains:Anaveragevalueis750KWH/m
2
/year.
Placesunsuitableforwindmills
•Humidequatorialregion-thereisvirtuallynowind
energy.
•Warm,windycountries,windenergymaynotbeusual
becauseofthefrequencyofcyclones.
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10. Advantages of Wind Energy
1.It is a renewable source of energy.
2.It is non-polluting and no adverse influence on the environment.
3.No fuel and transportation is required.
4.The cost of electricity under low production is comparatively low.
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11. Disadvantages
•The available wind energy is dilute and fluctuating in
nature.
•Unlike waterenergy, windenergy requires
storage capacity because of its irregularity.
•Wind energy operating machines are noisy in
operation.
•Wind power systems have arelatively high overall
weight. For large systems, a weight of 110 kg/kW has
been estimated.
•Large areas are required for windmill.
•Thepresentwindmills areneither
maintenance free nor practically reliable.
11

12. Wind-Mills
•Wind mill is a machine for wind energy conversion.
•A wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the
wind’s motion to mechanical energy transmitted
by the shaft.
•A generator further converts it to electrical energy,
thereby generating electricity.
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13. Two Types
Vertical axis windmills
1.Savoniusor S type windmill
(low wind velocity)
2.Darrius windmill
(high wind velocity)
Horizontal axis windmills
1.Single blade windmills
2.Double blade windmills
3.Multi blade windmills
4.Sail type.
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Types of Windmills

14. VerticalAxisTypeWindmills
•Verticalaxismachinesareofsimpledesignascompared
tothehorizontalaxis.
•Theaxisofrotationofverticalaxiswindturbineis
verticaltothegroundandalmostperpendiculartothe
winddirection.
•Theseturbinescanreceivewindfromanydirection.
Hencecomplicatedyawdevicescanbeeliminated.
•Thegeneratorandthegearboxofsuchsystemscanbe
housedatthegroundlevel,whichmakesthetower
designsimpleandmoreeconomical.
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15. •Moreover,themaintenanceofthese
turbinescanbedoneatthegroundlevel.
•Themajordisadvantageofverticalaxis
machinesarethat,theseturbinesusually
notselfstarting.Additionalmechanismmay
berequiredtopushandstarttheturbine,
onceitisstopped.
15

16. SavoniusWindmill
•Itworksontheprincipleofcupanemometer.
•ThiswasinventedbyS.J.Savoniusintheyear1920.
•Thismachinehasbecomepopular,sinceitrequireslow
windvelocityforoperation.
•Itconsistsoftwohalfcylinders,whicharemountedona
verticalaxisperpendiculartothedirectionofwind,with
agapattheaxisbetweenthetwocylinders.
•Twohalfcylindersfacingeachotherformingan‘s’
shapedcross-section.
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17. •Irrespectiveofthewinddirection,therotorrotatessuchastomakethe
convexsidesofthebucketsheadintothewind.
•Fromtherotorshaft,wecantappowerforouruselikewaterpumping,
batterycharging,grainwinnowingetc.
•Thisdesignisefficientbutrequiresalargesurfacearea.
•Asavoniuswindenergyconversionsystemhasaverticalaxiswhich
eliminatetheexpensivepowertransmissionsystemfromtherotorto
theaxis.
•Sinceitisaverticalaxismachineitdoesnotmattersmuchaboutthe
winddirection.Themachineperformsevenatlowerwindvelocity
ranges(8kmph).
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18. Darrieus
Windmill
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19. JNKVV-College of Agriculture, Powarkheda
19
DarrieusWindmill
•Thismachinewasinventedandpatentedin1925byG.J.M.
Darrieus,aFrenchEngineer.
•Addedadvantagewiththismillisthatitsupportsitsbladesin
suchawaythatminimizesbendingstressesinnormal
operation.
•ItrequireslesssurfaceareaascomparedtoSavoniustype.

20. •Inthismachine,thebladesarecurvedandattachedtothehubsonthe
verticalshaftatbothendstoformacage-likestructure.
•Thebladeslooklikeaneggbeater.
•Thisprovidesastiffnesstowithstandthewindforcesitexperiences.
•Thebladesaremadelighterthaninthepropellertype.
•Majoradvantageofdarrieuswindmillisthattherotorbladescan
acceptthewindfromanypointofthecompassandthemachinecanbe
mountedonthegroundeliminatingthetowerstructures.
•Disadvantageisthat,itmayexperiencelowervelocitywindwhen
comparedtotowermountedconventionalwindenergyconversion
system.
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21. Horizontal Axis Windmills
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22. Horizontal Axis Type Wind Mills
•Horizontal axis wind turbines have their axis of rotation
horizontal to the ground and almost parallel to the wind stream.
•Most of the commercial wind turbines fall under this category.
•Horizontal axis machines have some distinct disadvantages such
as low cut-in speed and easy furling.
•In general, they show relatively high power coefficient.
•However, the generator and gearbox of these machines are to be
placed over the tower which makes its design more complex and
expensive.
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23. •Depending on the number of blades, horizontal axis
wind turbines are further classified as single bladed,
two bladed, three bladed and multi bladed.
•Single blade turbines are cheaper due to savings on
blade materials.
•Single bladed designs are not very popular due to
problems in balancing and visual acceptability.
•Two bladed rotors also have these drawbacks, but to
lesser extent.
•Most of the present commercial turbines used for
electricity generation have three blades.
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24. Horizontal Axis Single
Blade Wind Mill
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25. Single Blade Windmill
•Inthistypeofmachine,alongblade
ismountedonarigidhub.
•Inductiongeneratorandgearbox
arearrangedasshowninfig.
•Ifextremelylongblades(60m)are
mountedonthehub,largeblade
rootbendingmomentsmayoccur
duetotowershadow,gravityand
suddenshiftsinthewinddirections.
•Toreducerotorcost,useoflowcost
counterweightisrecommendedfor
balancinglongbladecentrifugally.
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26. 26 Horizontal Axis Double Blade Wind Mill
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27. •Inthistypeofdesign,rotordrivesa
generatorthroughastep-upgearbox.
•Thebladerotorisdesignedtobe
orienteddownwindofthetower.
•Thecomponentsaremountedona
bedplate,whichisattachedona
pintleatthetopofthetower.
•Therotorbladesarecontinuously
flexedbyunsteadyaerodynamic,
gravitationalandinertialloads,when
themachineisinoperation.
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Two Blade Windmill

28. •Ifthebladesaremadeofmetal,flexingreducestheir
lifeduetofatigueloading.
•Withrotor,thetowerisalsosubjectedtoaboveloads,
whichmaycauseseriousdamage.
•Ifthevibrationalmodesoftherotorhappento
coincidewithoneofthenaturalmodeofvibrationof
thetower,thenthemillmaygetdamaged.
•Duetohighcostofblades,therotorwithmorethan
twobladesisnotrecommended.
•Rotorsmorethantwo,say3or4bladeswouldhave
slightlyhighercoefficient.
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29. Multi Blade Type Windmill
•Thistypeofdesignformultibladesis
showninfig,madefromsheetmetalor
aluminum.
•Therotorshavehighstrengthtoweight
ratiosandarestrongenoughtowithstand
awindspeedof60Kmph.
•Thistypeofwindmillshavegoodpower
coefficient,highstartingtorque,simple
andarelowincost.
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30. 30
Sail Type Windmill
•It is recent development in windmills.
•The blades are made by stretching out triangular
pieces of canvas cloth or nylon or plastics.
•There is also variation in the number of sails used.
•It runs at 60 to 80 rpm.

31. Power from a wind mill
P = ½C
pρAV
3
Where
P = captured power
C
p= max power coefficient,
generally 0.25 to 0.45
ρ = air density
A = rotor swept area
V = wind speed
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32. Thanks for listening…..
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