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1. Official rules for locating latrines in relation to houses and wells should be respected wherever possible. Any latrine always to be sited a distance far from the water sources at least 20 m away from it latrines should be sited on the lower side of sloped ground as groundwater usually flows away from a wel . The privacy of the entrance is especially important as many people do not like to be seen entering a latrine Some guidelines recommend building a latrine about l0m from the house because of smell and flies

2. Domestic hygiene Disease organisms/bacteria are spread from garbage to people through the environment and through flies and other vectors/insects when it is not properly disposed. There are different types of garbage: household waste such as food waste, plastics, paper, glass, tins, dust etc , medical (some of them are hazardous) waste such as discarded medicines, used syringes, expired drugs, used cotton pads, plastics, bottles, chemicals including acids, human limbs after surgery etc , liquid waste such as sewage water, household kitchen waste water etc. Proper collection and disposal of these wastes is necessary in order to keep our households and surrounding/environment clean.

3. Garbage managements An appropriate way to manage garbage at household level is to: Bury or burn household refuse: Every family should have a garbage pit where household refuse is buried or burned regularly Reduce quantity of refuse to be disposed: The amount of refuse that needs to be disposed at the household level can be reduced

4. Food hygiene The food hygiene domain includes food handling, preparation, and consumption and storage practices Food preparation areas also vary widely, especially in relation to socio-economic conditions. In one household, the kitchen will be an open space with a few pots and kitchen utensils, whereas in another we may find a fully equipped kitchen Food hygiene also includes the use of safe water for washing of vegetables and for preparing food. Thorough re-heating of the food is required if it has been left for more than two hours.

5. Recommended Recommended practices for food handling in prevention of the disease entering into our body Always eat clean food Keep food-preparing surfaces clean. Germs grow in spots of dirt or food Keep food clean and store in covered containers away from dirt, flies, rats, mice, dogs, cats, goats, and other animals Thoroughly cook foods: Thorough cooking kills germs. Food should be cooked all the way through, especially meat Eat cooked foods while it is cooked fresh Keep raw foods away from cooked foods. Raw food usually contains germs. Cooked food can be contaminated by contact with raw food. Knives, chopping boards, and food preparing surfaces should always be cleaned after preparing raw food Use clean cloths for cleaning/wiping dishes or pans Wash vegetables and fruits with clean water before cooking or eating them

6. Safe drinking water Water sources can be divided into the following Underground water: natural shallow wells, bore wells Surface water: berkeds , ponds, Running water: streams, natural springs, rivers Safe Water Sources for drinking, cooking and washing babies are water from hand pumps, taps and protected shallow wells. Deep bore well water is safe for drinking purposes. Unsafe water sources include water from unprotected open wells, ponds, rivers, berkeds and dams. These sources are generally unsafe as they are prone to contamination by animals and so on.

7. Water Collection, Transport and Storage Most contamination occurs during the collection, transport and storage of water. We must therefore follow the following procedures in order to keep the water clean and safe to drink Handle water so that it remains protected from contamination and therefore safe for you and your family to drink Do not put hands or other objects in the water being collected (children should especially be instructed on the importance of this point) Wash hands before collecting water Keep water collection containers. Containers used to collect, transport and store water should be cleaned on the inside and outside every day Store drinking water in clean containers and keep covered. Covering containers will prevent germs from getting in Make a clean cup with a long handle (or a ladle) available for taking water out of the container

8. To be continued Everyone taking water from the container should use this same cup. This is to prevent germs from spreading from people’s hands to the water and then on to other people who drink the water Do not allow anyone to put his or her hands into the container or to drink directly from it Keep animals out of the house and away from the water supply source Keep faeces and wastewater (especially from latrines) away from water to be used for cooking, drinking, bathing or washing Dispose of wastewater by guiding it to a garden or soak pit

9. Prepared by By DR . Ibrahim Abdi Hassan Independent Consultant of Humanitarian Issues .