Wood and types of wood and finishes classificationpdf

Types of wood and classification of wood
TIMBER: Defects, Seasoning & Preservation

1. UNIT 4: Introduction to
Wood

2. Types of Wood: Qualities,
Properties, and Jointing
Techniques
Overview:
Understanding the different types of wood, their unique qualities, and how they can be joined is crucial for
woodworking, construction, and furniture making.

3. Wood And It’s Properties:
Woods are natural materials obtained from trees, and they possess unique qualities that make them
suitable for various applications.
1. Grain: The pattern of wood fibers, which can be straight,
curved, or irregular.
2. Texture: The surface feel, ranging from smooth to coarse.
3. Density: The weight of wood per unit volume,
affecting its strength and durability.
4. Hardness: Resistance to scratches and wear.

4. Wood And It’s Properties:
5. Stability: Resistance to warping, shrinking, or expanding.
6. Workability: Ease of cutting, shaping, and joining.
7. Durability: Resistance to decay, insects, and weathering.
8. Color: Natural color, which can be enhanced or
altered by finishing techniques.

5. Classification of Natural Woods
Hardwoods:
1. Come from deciduous trees (lose their leaves seasonally)
2. Generally denser and heavier
3. Slower growth rate
4. Durable and Expensive
Examples: oak, maple, walnut, cherry, mahogany
Softwoods:
1. Come from coniferous trees (keep their needles year-round)
2. Generally less dense and lighter
3. Faster growth rate
4. Less dense and Affordable
Examples: pine, spruce, fir, cedar, cypress

6. Classification of Natural Woods
Exotic Woods:
1. Come from trees grown outside of North America and Europe
2. Often prized for unique grain patterns and colors
3. Can be more expensive due to import costs and availability
4. Examples: ebony, rosewood, bubinga, padauk, wenge
Domestic Woods:
1. Come from trees grown within North America and Europe
2. Often less expensive than exotic woods
3. Still offer a range of grain patterns and colors
4. Examples: ash, beech, birch, elm, hickory

7. Hardwood Types and Their Properties

Walnut: Dense, hardwood with a rich color, often used for furniture, gunstocks, and wood carvings.
Cherry: Fine-grained, strong, and resistant to warping, making it perfect for furniture, cabinetry, and
wood carvings.

8. Hardwood Types and Their Properties

Oak: Strong, durable, heavy, resistant to wear, and resistant to decay, often used for furniture, flooring,
and barrel-making.
Maple: Hard, dense with fine grain, shock-resistant, and resistant to scratches, making it ideal for
furniture, flooring, and woodturning.

9. Tropical Hardwood Types and Their Properties

Teak: Extremely durable, resistant to rot and insects, and often used for outdoor furniture and
construction.
Mahogany: Strong, stable, Durable, reddish-brown color, resists rot and decay, making it ideal for High-
end furniture, boat-building, and musical instruments.

10. Tropical Hardwood Types and Their Properties

Ebony: Very hard, dense, and black, often used for musical instruments, wood carvings, and high-end
furniture.

11. Softwood Types and Their Properties

Pine: Soft, lightweight, easy to work with, Affordable, and often used for framing, Construction,
Furniture, Panelling, and paper production.
Spruce: Strong, stiff, and resistant to decay, making it ideal for construction, musical instruments, and
paper production.

12. Softwood Types and Their Properties
Fir: Similar to spruce, with a pleasant scent, Straight grain, Good strength-to-weight ratio and often
used for construction, furniture, Plywood, Structural beams, Doors, and Christmas trees.
Cedar: Aromatic, rot-resistant, and insect-repellent, making it perfect for outdoor construction,
decking, Shingles, Closets, and furniture.

13. Wood Joinery
Wood joinery is one of the most fundamental concepts in woodworking, a joint is a connection between
two or more pieces of wood.

14. Type of Joints in Wood joinery

Butt Joint: A simple joint where two pieces of wood are cut at a 90-degree angle and joined end-to-end.
Lap Joint: An overlap joint where one piece of wood overlaps another.
Dado Joint: A slot-cut joint used to connect shelves to cabinets.
Dovetail Joint: A strong and decorative joint used in drawer construction.

15. Type of Joints in Wood joinery

Mortise and Tenon Joint: A sturdy joint used in frame construction.
Miter Joint: A 45-degree angled joint used for picture frames and corner joints.
Tongue and Groove Joint: A joint used for flooring and paneling.
Rabbet Joint: A recessed joint used for cabinet backs and drawer bottoms.

16. Type of Joints in Wood joinery

Spline Joint: A reinforced joint using a thin, flexible piece of wood.
Biscuit Joint: A hidden joint using small oval-shaped biscuits.
Screw and Plug Joint: A joint using screws and wooden plugs for a flush finish.
Dowel Joint: A joint using small cylindrical dowels for reinforcement.

17. TIMBER: Quality of
Timber used in buildings
Timber is a versatile and sustainable material widely used in building construction. Understanding its
types, qualities, and how it affects building performance is essential for architects, engineers, and
builders.

18. Timber And It’s Classification:
Timber refers to wood that has been processed into beams and planks, a primary building material for
structures.
1.Softwood Timber
Examples: Pine, Fir, Spruce.
Qualities: Lightweight, easy to work with, fast-growing.
Commonly used for framing, flooring, and roofing.

2.Hardwood Timber
Examples: Oak, Ash, Teak.
Qualities: Dense, durable, slower-growing
Used for high-quality finishes, flooring, and furniture.

19. Timber And It’s Quality Factors
1. Grain and Texture:
Fine, straight grain is often preferred for structural timber
due to its uniformity and strength.
Coarse or irregular grain may indicate lower quality and
less predictable performance.

20. Timber And It’s Quality Factors

2. Knots and Defects:
Knots: Affect the strength and appearance of timber.
Larger or more frequent knots reduce quality.
Cracks & Splits: Indicate weakness and
reduced load-bearing capacity.

21. Timber And It’s Quality Factors
3. Moisture Content:
Timber must be properly seasoned (dried) to reduce moisture,
preventing warping, shrinking, or swelling.
Kiln-Dried vs. Air-Dried:
Kiln drying is faster and more controlled,
leading to better quality timber.

22. Timber in Building Construction:
1. Framing and Structural Use:
Timber is commonly used in the framework of buildings, including
walls, roofs, and floors, due to its strength-to-weight ratio.
2. Cladding and Finishing:
Used for aesthetic finishes, cladding provides both protection
and an appealing exterior look.

3. Insulation Properties:
Timber has natural insulating properties,
contributing to energy efficiency in buildings.