WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

The ‘Word Formation Process’ is regarded as the branch of Morphology, and it has a significant role in expanding the vocabulary that helps us communicate very smoothly. The main objectives of the word-formation process are to form new words with the same root by deploying different rules or processes.
There are nine essential word formation processes namely;
Derivation, Back Formation, Conversion, Compounding, Clipping, Blending, Abbreviation, Acronyms, and Borrowing.

1. Word formation processes Prepared by: Tumana, Wenlie Jean

2. What is ‘word formation process’? The ‘Word Formation Process’ is regarded as the branch of Morphology, and it has a significant role in expanding the vocabulary that helps us communicate very smoothly. The main objectives of the word-formation process are to form new words with the same root by deploying different rules or processes.

3. 9 Essential word formation processes Derivation Back Formation Conversion Compounding Clipping Blending Abbreviation Acronyms Borrowing Conclusion

4. 1. Derivation ‘Derivation’ is one of the significant word-formation processes that attach derivation affixes to the main form to create a new word. Affixes (prefix or suffix) are regarded as bound morphemes. A bound morpheme doesn’t have any independent meaning, and it needs the help of a free morpheme to form a new word.

5. Examples: Base Forms New Words Appear Disappear Justice Injustice Lighten Enlighten Friend Friendship Happy Happiness

6. 2. Back formation ‘Back-Formation’ is a word-formation process that eliminates the actual derivational affix from the main form to create a new word. However, Back-Formation is contrary to derivation in terms of forming new words .

7. EXAMPLES: Base Forms Back Formation Insertion Insert Donation Donate Procession Process Obsessive Obsess Resurrection Resurrect

8. 3. Conversion In conversion, a word of one grammatical form converts into another grammatical form without changing any spelling or pronunciation. For example, the term ‘Google’ is originated as a  noun  before the  verb . A few years ago, we used the term as a noun only (search it on Google), but now we say ‘Google it .

9. EXAMPLES: Noun To Verb Access -to access Google -to google Email -to email Name -to name Host -to host Verb To Noun To hope Hope To cover Cover To increase Increase To attack Attack

10. 4. Compounding ‘Compounding’ is a word-formation process that allows words to combine to make a new word. Compounding words can also be formed as two words joined with a hyphen.

11. EXAMPLES: Words Compounding Words Class+room Classroom Note+book Notebook Break+up Breakup Brother+in+law Brother in law High+light Highlight

12. 5. clipping ‘Clipping’ reduces or shortens a word without changing the exact meaning. In contrast to the back-formation process, it reserves the original meaning. Clipping is divided into four types. They are: Back Clipping Fore Clipping Middle Clipping Complex Clipping

13. Back Clipping removes the end part of a word Fore Clipping removes the beginning part of a word   Middle Clipping reserves the middle position Complex Clipping removes multiple pieces from multiple words.

14. EXAMPLES: Words Clippings Advertisement Ad Photograph Photo Telephone Phone Influenza Flue Cable telegram Cablegram

15. 6. Blending In the ‘Blending’ word-formation method, the parts of two or more words combine to form a new word.

16. EXAMPLES: Words Blendings Breakfast+lunch Brunch Biographical+picture Biopic Motor+hotel Motel Spanish+English Spanglish Telephone+marathon Telethon

17. 7. Abbreviation ‘Abbreviation’ is another famous and widely used word-formation method used to shorten a word or phrase.

18. EXAMPLES: Words/Phrases Abbreviation Junior Jr. Mister Mr. Mistress Miss. Doctor Dr. Department Dept. Bachelor of Arts B.A Master of Arts M.A Master of Business Administration MBA

19. 8. acronyms An Acronym is a popular word-formation process in which an initialism is pronounced as a word. It forms from the first letter of each word in a phrase, and the newly formed letters create a new word that helps us speedy communication . For example, ‘PIN’ is an initialism for Personal Identification Number used as the word ‘pin.’

20. EXAMPLES: Acronyms Words/Phrases HIV Human Immudeficiency Virus AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ASAP As Soon As Possible AWOL Absent Without Leave

21. 9. Borrowing ‘Borrowing’ is another word-formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language .

22. EXAMPLES: Words Borrowed from Algebra Arabic Cherub Hebrew Murder French Pizza Italian Tamale Spanish

23. conclusion Now we know that Word-Formation Processes are the methods in which words are formed by deploying different types of rules.  We can create new words by following the above word-formation methods. We need to do one thing: we have to follow the fundamental rules or processes of word-formation.

24. Reference: https://englishfinders.com/word-formation-processes/?fbclid=IwAR1ewiD7DlaHeQlxgKKLNR2tRYl7Kj8KOGAFblnGR32k5iNGmB6jcotPJ8A