World of regions

to know how the world evolve with the current changes that affects every living individual and their surroundings

1. WORLD OF REGIONS THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD PART II BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

2. The power of geography Geography matters: Global differences in cultures, resources, capital, spatial organizations, and territoriality Geographic study: Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and places Understand the relationship between the world’s communities Help with regional, national, and global development BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

3. Power of geography Geographic study: Physical geography- Examines how natural forces shape the earth Human geography- How human interaction modifies the environment and the spatial organization of human activity. Regional geography- Combines both physical and human approaches and the holistic examination of territories. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

4. regions Large size territories (such as counties, provinces, and countries, or large sections of countries such as the Midwest USA) that encompasses many places, all or most of which share a set of attributes of places that make up a different region. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

5. A world of regions Regions are dynamic, changing : Two way process of people’s activities changing their environment and people being affected by their environment. Created by people responding to the opportunities and constraints presented by their environment. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

6. Setting the boundaries: world region BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

7. Regional approach Regionalization: Classification Logical division Grouping Homogeneity Formal regions: high degree of homogeneity Functional regions: characterized by functional organization of human occupancy BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

8. Geography and interdependence “ the tangible partitioning of space within which different processes operate.” Interdependent World regions National states Supranational organizations BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

9. regionalization Means: The geographer’s classification of individual places or areal units. The geographers equivalent of scientific classification. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

10. Global divides: the north and the south BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

11. FOUR WORLDS MODEL FIRST WORLD- Refers to the so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries roughly, a bloc of countries aligns with the united states after world war II, with more or less common political and economic interests: N orth America, W estern Europe, Japan, and Australia. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

12. FOUR WORLDS MODEL Second world- Refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states (formerly the eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the union of soviet socialist republic) today: Russia, E astern Europe (e.g. Poland) and some of the Turk states (e.g. Kazakhstan) as well as china. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

13. FOUR WORLDS MODEL Third world- Despite ever evolving definitions, the concept of 3 rd world serves to identify countries that suffer from high infant morality, low economic development, high levels of poverty, low utilization of natural resources, and heavy dependence on industrialized nations. These are the developing and technologically less advanced nations of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

14. FOUR WORLDS MODEL The 3 rd world nations tend to have economies dependent on the developed countries and are generally characterized as poor with unstable governments and having high rates of population growth, illiteracy, and disease. A key factor is the lack of a middle class– with impoverished millions in a vast lower economic class and a very small elite upper class controlling the country’s wealth and resources. Most third world nations also have a very large foreign debts. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

15. What is meant by global divides? The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the internet and the opportunities derived from such access. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

16. Why did the North and South divide? The two sides of the debate over slavery were divided between the two main sections of the united states; the north and south. Many northerners viewed slavery as evil and wrong and some were involved in the abolitionist movement. The north did not obey fugitive slave laws because they said they were cruel and inhumane. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

17. Is global North dependent on global south? The global south is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the middle east. The global south "lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports." BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

18. What is meant by global North? The concept of a gap between the global north and the global south in terms of development and wealth. Classifying countries. In the 1980s, the Brandt line was developed as a way of showing the how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

19. When did the North and South divide? In October 1861 Marx, who was living in primrose hill, summed up the view of the British press: 'the war between the north and south is a tariff war. The war is, further, not for any principle, does not touch the question of slavery and in fact turns on northern lust for sovereignty.' BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

20. What caused tension between the North and South? The issue of slavery caused tension between the north and the south. Many northerners who opposed slavery took a less extreme position. Some northern workers and immigrants opposed slavery because it was an economic threat to them. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

21. North and south gap South: Economy was based on cotton production which depended on slave labor Southern economy was weak and vulnerable because it depended entirely on cotton but was still very profitable The period of cotton growing was called king cotton BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

22. North and south gap Economy was based on industries and major business, commerce and finance. North had many manufacturing factories that dealt with textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather, and wooden goods The biggest business of the north was in railroad construction. Transportation was easier because of railroads. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

23. North and south GAP NORTH SOUTH BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

24. North and south GAP Term used to describe the economic gap between the rich northern countries of the world and the south poorer countries of the world. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

25. DEFINITION During cold war- Primary global division was between east and west, and predicated upon security and power balance. After cold war– Many seen primary global division as being between north and south and predicated upon economic inequality. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

26. North-south divide issues DIFFERENCES BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

27. ISSUE: I. STANDARD OF LIVING BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

28. ISSUE: II. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AROUND THE WORLD Liberalization or market occurs, most south countries lost to the competition from the north. Encourage migration of people from south to north for having a more good income. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

29. ISSUE: III . ECONOMIC COMPETITION WORLDWIDE BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

30. REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT GAP ENVIRONMENTAL- Natural features (e.g. Soil) HISTORICAL- Things which have happen in year before (e.g. War) SOCIO-ECONOMIC- Society, culture and money (e.g. Religion) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

31. DEVELOPMENT GAP Some countries are developing faster than others. Many Asian countries are quickly developing while many African countries are slowly developing BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

32. MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH SOME OF THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH ARE AS FOLLOWS: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

33. MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

34. Classification of countries Countries can be classified into 3 different types: Most develop countries (MDC’s) Less developed countries (LDC’S) Least developed countries (LLDC’s) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

35. Classification of countries Most develop countries (MDC’s) the richest of the industrialized and democratic nations of the world BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

36. Classification of countries Less developed countries (LDC’S) countries with little industrial development, little wealth, and high population growth. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

37. Classification of countries Least developed countries ( LLDC’s Very low per capital income, low literacy rates, and very little in the way of manufacturing industries. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

38. Wealth global north This picture of the earth at night shows the wealthy global north, illuminating its communities at night, and the much poorer global south, which can’t afford to do so. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

39. comparison The comparison between north and south is not of only one aspect. It can be seen through different angles that is: Political Economical Social BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

40. Comparison between north and south BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

41. reason Three main reasons why our world is also unequal today: Colonialism Trade Debt BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

42. colonialism Today’s North-South gap traces its roots to the of the Southern world regions by Europe over the past several centuries. This colonialization occurred at different times in different parts of the world, as did decolonization. Control by one power over a defendant area or people. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

43. trade What you are spending to bring goods into your country is greater sum that what you are making by selling products in the global economy. You are loosing money. Southern countries suffered from this. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

44. debt Their products were loosing money in the global economy, so they needed to increase production. The only way they could do this was to borrow money from the rich northern countries. This put them in debt. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

45. Division of north and south The north and south divide (or rich-poor divide) is the socio economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North,” and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or “the South.” Although most nations comprising the “North” are in fact located in the Northern H emisphere, the divide is not primarily defined by geography. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

46. Division of north and south As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the “North,” regardless of geographical location, while any other nations which do not qualify for “developed” status are in effect deemed to be part of the “South.” “The North” mostly covers the West and the First W orld, with much of the Second W orld . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

47. DEVELOPMENT GAP The North-South divide has more recently been named the development gap. This places greater emphasis on closing the evident gap between rich(more economically developed) countries and poor (less economically developed countries) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

48. GLOBALIZATION In terms of economic development, there exists an economic gap between Northern and Southern countries, which has been increased by globalization (rich getting richer) The process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

49. Three world model Capitalist- Is an economic system in which a  country's  trade, industry, and profits are controlled by private companies , instead of by the people whose time and labor powers those companies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

50. Three world model Communist- Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam. These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

51. Three world model DEVELOPING -a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially. It is also known as an LAIC, or a low and middle income country. These countries are characterized by being less developed industrially and a lower human development index when compared to other countries, have health risks such as having low access to safe water, as well as sanitation and hygiene problems. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

52. Three world model map BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

53. Five world model BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

54. Why is the gap between economic north and south widening? The richest 1% of the world’s population now receives as much income as the poorest 57%. Lack of trade, Lack of Aid Abundance of debt, Neo-colonialism Failure of international organizations (e.g. IMF, WB, WTO) Adverse climatic conditions The difficulty of transforming the established . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

55. Closing gap The united nations has developed a program dedicated to narrowing the divide through its millennium development goals. This includes improving education and heath care, promoting gender equality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

56. Asian regionalism in globalization BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

57. Asian regionalism Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

58. How does regionalism benefit Asia? Asian regionalism could bring huge benefits not just to Asia, but to the world. It could help sustain the region's growth, underpin its stability, and—with the right policies—reduce inequality. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

59. Asian regionalism: context and scope In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country markets rather than selling to each other. Initially, they specialized in simple, labor-intensive manufactures. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

60. Asian regionalism: context and scope Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined not because the region’s development strategy has changed but it remains predominantly nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented. Interdependence is deepening because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide-ranging exchanges of parts and components among them. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

61. Asian regionalism: context and scope Emerging Asian economies that had opened up their financial markets—Indonesia, the republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—were worst hit, but nearly all Asian economies were eventually affected. Most then used the crisis as an opportunity to pursue wide-ranging reforms in finance as well as in other areas of weakness that the crisis exposed. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

62. Asian regionalism: context and scope Asia emerged with a greater appreciation of its shared interests and the value of regional cooperation. Since the crisis, Asia has become not only more integrated, but also more willing to pull together. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

63. Growth and integration Asian regionalism is emerging against the backdrop of a remarkable half century of economic development. In the four decades from 1956-1996, East Asian living standards—as measured by real (inflation adjusted) output per person—rose at a rate faster than has ever been sustained anywhere else. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

64. Growth and integration Other Asian economies rank in the upper tiers of the world’s growth distribution. Over those four decades, living standards in the 16 integrating Asian economies analyzed in this study grew at an average of 5.0% a year, while the world as a whole averaged only 1.9%. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

65. Growth and integration These extraordinary results were achieved by economies that differed widely in size; incomes; endowments of natural, human, and capital resources; specialization patterns; political organization; language; culture; and history. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

66. Flying in sequence Competition in global markets is at the heart of what is now understood as the east Asian development model (Kuznets 1988). When the model emerged in the 1950s, its focus on labor-intensive exports was new; the prevailing “big push” development strategy favored large , coordinated investments in a bid to achieve economies of scale, usually in import competing industries. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

67. Flying in sequence East Asian development instead relied on the region’s abundant asset of relatively well-educated, low-wage labor and in time leveraged it with ample savings and investment. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

68. Flying in sequence The model emerged in Japan in the aftermath of world war II. Although japan was already industrialized, the war had devastated its economy and sharply lowered its wages. Access to markets in the US enabled japan to develop labor-intensive exports, fueling a dramatic rise in savings, investment, and economic growth. As Japan's exports shifted to more advanced products, east Asia's newly industrializing economies—Hong Kong, china; the republic of Korea; Singapore; and Taipei, China—filled the gap for labor-intensive exports BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

69. The crisis and its legacy Even with hindsight, though, the events of 1997/98 seem improbable. The crisis struck some of the world’s most successful economies and , in short order, brought down governments, threatened seemingly well-established firms and institutions, and imposed severe hardship on hundreds of millions of people. It proved to be short, and economic activity rebounded quickly BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

70. The crisis and its legacy The crisis also had a silver lining. It stimulated difficult policy and institutional reforms to remedy the structural weaknesses in east Asian economies that it had exposed. It also highlighted Asia's growing interdependence, weaknesses in the global financial system, and thus the benefits of Asian cooperation. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

71. Renaissance Since the crisis, Asia has reemerged as the world’s most dynamic region, experiencing what a new world bank study has called the east Asian renaissance (gill and K haras 2007). But the pattern of Asian development has changed. The People’s Republic of China (PRC), India, and Vietnam are now the region’s—and the world’s—fastest growing economies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

72. Renaissance Because the PRC and India are also the world’s most populous countries, their rise dramatically changes the regional and global economic landscapes. Most other countries in the region are also growing solidly, if less spectacularly than before the crisis. Growth in the directly affected economies of the association of southeast Asian nations (ASEAN), though disappointing compared to earlier periods, is also gradually strengthening BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

73. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

74. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia . The region’s economy is already similar in size to those of Europe and North America, and its influence in the world continues to increase . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

75. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy In many Asian countries, the cycle of poverty has been broken; in others, this historic aim is within sight. Asia’s extraordinary success has brought new challenges—while rapid economic growth remains a priority, citizens demand that it also be sustainable and more inclusive. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

76. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy And Asia is now so important to the world economy that it must also play a larger role in global economic leadership. Regional economic cooperation is essential for addressing these challenges . In many Asian countries, the cycle of poverty has been broken; in others, this historic aim is within sight. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

77. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy Asia’s extraordinary success has brought new challenges—while rapid economic growth remains a priority, citizens demand that it also be sustainable and more inclusive. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

78. Asian Regionalism in the World Economy And Asia is now so important to the world economy that it must also play a larger role in global economic leadership. Regional economic cooperation is essential for addressing these challenges. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

79. regional economic cooperation Regional economic cooperation is an important means for creating new trade, investment and employment opportunities, enhancing economic security, and addressing broader socioeconomic and environmental issues. Yet significant challenges continue to hinder greater cooperation and integration. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

80. e conomic cooperation organization(eco) The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is an Asian political and economic intergovernmental organization which was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. It provides a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

81. GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM The modern world-system is now a global economy with a global political system (the modern interstate system). It also includes all the cultural aspects and interaction networks of the human population of the earth. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

82. GLOBAL governance Global governance is necessary because humanity increasingly faces both problems and opportunities that are global in scale. Today, transnational problems such as violence and pandemics routinely reach across borders, affecting us all. The most important challenge for humanity to overcome is that of existential risks. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

83. GLOBAL governance perspective The global governance perspective seeks to examine gaps in the international system for managing complex issues and to engage stakeholders on practical steps for collective problem-solving. It pays particular attention to informing successful multilateral negotiations on creating or reforming global institutions, and to engaging more effectively new transnational actors from the private sector and civil society . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

84. Concept of GLOBAL governance Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

85. Global Business, Labor, and Economic Governance The core theme global justice through business, labor, and economic governance focuses on the role of the private sector, labor, and multilateral economic institutions (for example, the G20, ASEAN, the EU, the WTO, and the UN system including the IFIs, ILO, and WIPO) in strengthening the peace-security-justice nexus, including by advancing and shaping global norms and principles as well as the united nations’ sustainable development goals . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

86. Global Business, Labor, and Economic Governance Activities undertaken under this theme aim to improve the global governance of economic factors – including trade, financial flows, labor, and intellectual property – by fostering innovation as well as by maximizing these factors to advance global peace, security, and justice (for example, by strengthening the role of role of international institutions in the transfer and utilization of climate friendly technologies in developing countries). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

87. Global Business, Labor, and Economic Governance The role of climate change as threat multiplier that places human security and the global economy at risk is a cross-cutting element of global governance that will frequently feature in research activities conducted within this pillar. In addition, this core theme will prioritize migration management, including vis-à-vis the current refugee and internally displaced persons crisis. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

88. global economy The world economy or global economy is the economy of the humans of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

89. global economy In some contexts, the two terms are distinct " international " or " global economy " being measured separately and distinguished from national economies while the " world economy " is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of earth. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

90. World economy World economy exclusively to human economic activity and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms , even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research or government cooperation makes establishing figures difficult. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

91. World economy TYPICAL EXAMPLES are illegal drugs and other black market goods , which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is by definition no legal market of any kind. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

92. BLACK MARKET A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

93. BLACK MARKET Because tax evasion or participation in a black market activity is illegal, participants will attempt to hide their behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash usage is the preferred medium of exchange in illegal transactions since cash usage does not leave a footprint. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

94. BLACK MARKET Common motives for operating in black markets are to trade contraband, avoid taxes and regulations, or skirt price controls or rationing . Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services, e.g. " The black market in bush meat ". BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

95. gray market A grey or gray market (sometimes confused with the similar term "parallel market" ) It refers to the trade of a commodity through distribution channels that are not authorized by the original manufacturer or trade mark proprietor . Its products are traded outside authorized manufacturer channel . (without having the manufacturers’ knowledge) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

96. white market The white market is the legal, official, authorized, or intended market for goods and services. The white market in some goods, such as adoption of children, has been criticized as being inefficient due to government regulation . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

97. pink market pink market is of state-sanctioned, but immoral activities such as wars of aggression. It is the market of government-endorsed monopolies and oligopolies of useful services . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

98. Red market The trade of human flesh and blood in the form of sex racket, child trafficking, organ selling (either without the consent of an individual or forcefully) . red market is of immoral activities banned by the state. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

99. 5 markets BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

100. Understanding the global role of the US economy A growth surge in the world’s largest economy could provide a significant boost to global activity. In contrast, uncertainty about the direction of US policies could have the opposite effect. This column investigates spillover channels linking the US and the global economy. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

101. Understanding the global role of the US economy An acceleration in US growth would have positive effects for the rest of the world if not counterbalanced by increased trade barriers. However, policy uncertainty could hamper global growth, and could have particularly bad effects on investment growth in emerging and developing economies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

102. Understanding the global role of the US economy Because of its size and interconnectedness, developments in the US economy are bound to have important effects around the world. The US has the world’s single largest economy, accounting for almost a quarter of global GDP (at market exchange rates), one-fifth of global FDI, and more than a third of stock market capitalisation . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

103. Understanding the global role of the US economy It is the most important export destination for one-fifth of countries around the world. The US dollar is the most widely used currency in global trade and financial transactions , and changes in US monetary policy and investor sentiment play a major role in driving global financing conditions (world bank 2016). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

104. How synchronized are US and global business cycles Business cycles in the US, other advanced economies (AES), and emerging market and developing economies (EMDES) have been highly synchronous. This partly reflects the strength of global trade and financial linkages of the US economy with the rest of the world, but also that global shocks drive common cyclical fluctuations. This was particularly the case at the time of the 2008-09 global crisis. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

105. How synchronized are US and global business cycles It is not a new phenomenon, however. Although the four recessions the global economy experienced since 1960 (1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009) were driven by many problems in many places, they all overlapped with severe recessions in the US ( Kose and Terrones 2015). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

106. how does globalization affect the world economy Foreign direct investment's impact on economic growth has had a positive growth effect in wealthy countries and an increase in trade and FDI, resulting in higher growth rates. Furthermore, globalized countries have lower increases in government outlays and taxes, and lower levels of corruption in their governments BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

107. impact of globalization on world economy Increased competition from globalization helps stimulate new technology development, particularly with the growth in FDI, which helps improve economic output by making processes more efficient. Economies of scale . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

108. Globalization: affect marketing Globalization leads to increased competition. This competition can be related to product and service cost and price, target market, technological adaptation, quick response, quick production by companies etc. When a company produces with less cost and sells cheaper, it is able to increase its market share . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

109. Regionalism (politics ) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

110. Regionalism (politics ) In politics, regionalism is a political ideology focusing on the "development of a political or social system based on one or more" regions and/or the national, normative or economic interests of a specific region, group of regions or another subnational entity, gaining strength from or aiming to strengthen the "consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a homogeneous population" BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

111. Regionalism (politics ) 3 distinct elements "movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary states; the organization of the central state on a regional basis for the delivery of its policies including regional development policies; political decentralization and regional autonomy" BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

112. DELINEATION OF REGION administrative divisions, culture, Language and religion, among others. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

113. DELINEATION OF REGION Administrative division Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments . Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs of their people easier. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

114. DELINEATION OF REGION Administrative division A country may be divided into provinces , which, in turn, may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities . Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories, with the former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of control. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

115. DELINEATION OF REGION Administrative division An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also referred to as a subnational entity, constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region delineated for the purpose of administration. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

116. DELINEATION OF REGION Cultural area In anthropology and geography, a cultural region, cultural sphere, cultural area or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture). These are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and the territory it inhabits . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

117. DELINEATION OF REGION Cultural area Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state, or to smaller subdivisions of a state. Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

118. DELINEATION OF REGION Cultural area Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on the particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs. Dress and architecture vs. Language. Cultural areas are not considered equivalent to kulturkreis (culture circles). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

119. DELINEATION OF REGION language A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province, or some wider area. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

120. DELINEATION OF REGION language Internationally, for the purposes of the European charter for regional or minority languages, "regional or minority languages" means languages that are: Traditionally used within a given territory of a state by nationals of that state who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the state's population; and Different from the official language(s) of that state BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

121. Influence of number of speakers There are many cases when a regional language can claim greater numbers of speakers than certain languages which happen to be official languages of sovereign states. FOR EXAMPLE, Catalan (a regional language of Spain, Italy and France, albeit the national language of Andorra) has more speakers than Finnish or Danish. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

122. Influence of number of speakers A similar situation exists in china, where Wu, spoken in southern Jiangsu, northern, and the general area of shanghai Zhejiang by more than 90 million speakers, is spoken natively by more speakers than French; Yue Chinese, a Chinese regional variety spoken in Guangdong, Hong Kong and nearby areas in china with more than 60 million local and overseas speakers (north America, parts of Malaysia), outnumbers Italian in number of speakers. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

123. Influence of number of speakers Dialects of the min dialect group have over 70 million speakers, mainly in Fujian and in nearby Taiwan, but also in the southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

124. Relationship with official languages Regional language may be closely related to the state's main language or official language. FOR EXAMPLE: The Frisian languages spoken in the Netherlands and Germany, which belong to the Germanic family. The G utnish language, a regional language spoken in Gotland and related to the Swedish language. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

125. Official languages as regional languages An official language of a country may also be spoken as a regional language in a region of a neighboring country. FOR EXAMPLE: Afrikaans, an official language of south Africa, is a regional language of Namibia. Cantonese, one of the official standard varieties in Hong Kong and Macau (both special administrative regions of the people's republic of china), is used as a regional language of the province of Guangdong, people's republic of china. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

126. Official language An official language, also called state language, is a language given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a country's official language refers to the language used in government (judiciary, legislature, administration). the term "official language" does not typically refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government, as "the means of expression of a people cannot be changed by any law BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

127. DELINEATION OF REGION RELIGION Religion and geography is the study of the impact of geography, i.e. Place and space, on religious belief. Another aspect of the relationship between religion and geography is religious geography, in which geographical ideas are influenced by religion , such as early map-making, and the biblical geography that developed in the 16th century to identify places from the bible. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

128. DELINEATION OF REGION RELIGION Traditionally, the relationship between geography and religion can clearly be seen by the influences of religion in shaping cosmological understandings of the world. From the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the study of geography and religion mainly focused on mapping the spread of Christianity (termed ecclesiastical geography by Isaac 1965), though in the later half of the seventeenth century, the influences and spread of other religions were also taken into account. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

129. DELINEATION OF REGION RELIGION Other traditional approaches to the study of the relationship between geography and religion involved the theological explorations of the workings of nature – a highly environmentally deterministic approach which identified the role of geographical environments in determining the nature and evolution of different religious traditions BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

130. DELINEATION OF REGION RELIGION Thus, geographers are less concerned about religion per se, but are more sensitive to how religion as a cultural feature affects social, cultural, political and environmental systems. The point of focus is not the specifics of religious beliefs and practices, but how these religious beliefs and practices are internalized by adherents, and how these process. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

131. DELINEATION OF REGION RELIGION A key focus in the study of sacred places is the politics of identity, belonging and meaning that are ascribed to sacred sites, and the constant negotiations for power and legitimacy. Particularly in multicultural settings, the contestation for legitimacy, public approval, and negotiations for use of particular spaces are at the heart of determining how communities understand, internalise and struggle to compete for the right to practice their religious traditions in public spaces. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

132. Regionalism (politics) Regionalists aim at increasing the political power and influence available to all or some residents of a region. Their demands occur in "strong" forms, such as sovereignty , separatism , secession and independence , as well as more moderate campaigns for greater autonomy (such as states' rights , decentralization or devolution ). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

133. Regionalism (politics) Strictly, regionalists favour confederations over unitary nation states with strong central governments . They may, however, embrace intermediate forms of federalism . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

134. POLITICAL Power (social and political) In social science and politics, power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct ( behaviour ) of others . The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure. Power can be seen as evil or unjust. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

135. POLITICAL Power (social and political) This sort of primitive exercise of power is historically endemic to humans; however, as social beings, the same concept is seen as good and as something inherited or given for exercising humanistic objectives that will help, move, and empower others as well. IN GENERAL, it is derived by the factors of interdependence between two entities and the environment . IN BUSINESS, the ethical instrumentality of power is achievement, and as such it is a zero-sum game. (expressed as being "upward" or " downward“). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

136. SOVEREIGNTY The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority and recognition.[7] According to Stephen D. Krasner , the term could also be understood in four different ways : Domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state , Interdependence sovereignty – actual control of movement across state's borders, assuming the borders exist . International legal sovereignty – formal recognition by other sovereign states , Westphalian sovereignty – lack of other authority over state other than the domestic authority (examples of such other authorities could be a non-domestic church, a non-domestic political organization, or any other external agent) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

137. SOVEREIGNTY According to IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN, another fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must be recognized by others if it is to have any meaning: “Sovereignty is more than anything else a matter of legitimacy requires reciprocal recognition. Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy.” BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

138. SOVEREIGNTY History CLASSICAL The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that: The people transferred all their imperium and power to the emperor. (Cum lege regia , quae de imperio eius lata est , populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem conferat ) The emperor is not bound by the laws. ( Princeps legibus solutus est ) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

139. SOVEREIGNTY History A decision by the emperor has the force of law. Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem . Ulpian was expressing the idea that the emperor exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty, that originated in the people, although he did not use the term expressly. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

140. Separatism Separatism is an advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. while some equate separatism with religious segregation, racist segregation, or sexist segregation, most separatists a rgue that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

141. Separatism motivation Groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including: Emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities. Protection from genocide and ethnic cleansing. Resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

142. Separatism motivation 4. Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict and hatred. 5. Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion. 6 . Economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a richer to a poorer group. 7. Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

143. Separatism motivation 8. Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others. 9. Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires. 10. Continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up. 11 . Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means. 12 . The perception that the state can no longer support one's own group or has betrayed their interests. 13. Opposition to political decisions. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

144. Ethnic separatism is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than religious or racial differences , which also may exist. Ethnic separatist movements include the following: EURASIA The soviet union's dissolution into its original ethnic groupings which formed their own nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

145. Ethnic separatism AFRICA Africa's hundreds of ethnic groups[17] are subsumed into 54 nation states, often leading to ethnic conflict and separatism,[18] including in Angola, Algeria, Burundi, the C aprivi strip in Namibia, Congo and the democratic republic of the Congo, Darfur in Sudan, Ethiopia, Senegal, south Africa, Uganda, western Sahara and Zimbabwe. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

146. Ethnic separatism AMERICAS Independence movement in Puerto R ico with the goal of obtaining complete independence from the united states. Hispanic (mostly Chicano) separatism, as embodied in the Chicano movement (or Chicano nation) in the united states sought to recreate A ztlán , the mythical homeland of the U to-aztecs comprising the southwestern united states which is home to the majority of Mexican Americans. they drew on the Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and la Raza C ósmica . Today, a small Raza U nida party continues with similar goals.

147. Ethnic separatism AUSTRALASIA Sabah Sarawak K eluar Malaysia in Sabah and Sarawak, N orth Borneo, federation of Malaysia. Free Papua movement in west Papua, Indonesia. Māori separatism in new Zealand. Bougainvillean separatism in Papua new guinea. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

148. Racial separatism Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along racial lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions; and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

149. Racial separatism BLACK SEPARATISM (also known as black nationalism) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of "black racial identity" in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like Marcus G arvey and organizations such as the nation of Islam. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

150. Racial separatism BLACK SEPARATISM Critical race theorists like New York University's Derrick Bell and University of Colorado's Richard Delgado argue that US legal, education and political systems are rife with blatant racism. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

151. Racial separatism BLACK SEPARATISM They support efforts like "all-black" schools and dorms and question the efficacy and merit of government-enforced integration.[28] in 2008 statements by Barack Obama's former pastor Jeremiah wright, Jr ., Revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

152. Racial separatism LATIN AMERICA Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and La Raza C ósmica found in the small separatist Raza U nida party. The Chicano movement (or Chicano nation) in the United S tates sought to recreate A ztlán , the mythical homeland of the Aztecs comprising the Southwestern U nited S tates. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

153. Racial separatism WHITE SEPARATISM White separatism in the United S tates and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite immigration under the argument that these policies are necessary for white race's survival. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

154. Racial separatism WHITE SEPARATISM White supremacy  or  white supremacism  is the  racist  belief that  white people  are superior to people of other  races  and therefore should be dominant over them. White supremacy has roots in  scientific racism , and it often relies on  pseudoscientific arguments (unfalsified claims). Like most similar movements such as  neo- N azism , white supremacists typically oppose members of other races as well as  J ews . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

155. Racial separatism WHITE supremacism The term is also typically used to describe a  political ideology  that perpetuates and maintains the  social ,  political ,  historical , or  institutional domination by white people (as evidenced by historical and contemporary sociopolitical structures such as the  Atlantic Slave T rade ,  Jim crow laws  in the  U nited S tates , and  apartheid  in  S outh Africa ). BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

156. Racial separatism NORTH AMERICAN SEPARATISM Most North American and many other native American groups already have a high degree of autonomy. Complete separatism is advocated by some members of the Canadian first nations, American Indian movement, republic of Lakota (Lakota Sioux people in south Dakota), and tribal groups in eastern Oklahoma, most notably the Cherokee people of the Cherokee nation of Oklahoma Hawaiian sovereignty movement seeks some form of sovereignty for Hawaii . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

157. NORTH AMERICAN SEPARATISM Indigenous peoples of the Americas The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the Pre-Columbian peoples of North, Central and S outh America and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers —and many, especially in the amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

158. Religious separatism Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

159. Religious separatism English Christians English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the church of England and form independent local churches were influential politically under Oliver Cromwell, who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called Congregationalists. The Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in new England were separatists BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

160. Religious separatism English Christians English dissenters  or  English separatists  were P rotestant   Christians who separated from the  C hurch of England  in the 17th and 18th centuries. A  dissenter  (from the Latin  dissentire , "to disagree") is one who disagrees in opinion, belief and other matters. English dissenters  opposed state interference in religious matters , founded their own churches,  educational establishments  and communities. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

161. Religious separatism ZOISM Zionism  sought the creation of the S tate of Israel  as a  homeland, with separation from  gentile  Palestinians.  Simon Dubnow , who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated  J ewish A utonomism , which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the  bund  and his own  F olkspartei  before world war II. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

162. Religious separatism ZOISM Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however, as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion . It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are considered to be so but not without debate . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

163. Religious separatism SIKHS SIKHS   in India sought an independent nation of  Khalistan after an agitation in the 1970s and 1980s for implementation of the  A nandpur Sahib R esolution  (demanding things such as a greater share of river water and autonomy for Punjab) resulted in the storming of the H arimandir Sahib (golden temple) by the government of India troops in 1984. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

164. Religious separatism SIKHS . The storming of the temple to flush out Sikh militants who were gaining momentum in their agitation for greater autonomy for Punjab resulted in Sikhs demanding an independent state for the Sikhs situated in Punjab   Khalistan movement . The conflict escalated and led to an assassination of the  Prime Minister of India   Indira Gandhi ( first and, to date, the only female  prime minister of India .)   as a retaliation of an Indian military operation called 'operation blue star' directed against the Sikhs' holiest shrine, the golden temple, in which many innocent Sikh civilians too lost their lives . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

165. Religious separatism Muslim separatist groups Muslim separatist groups in the Philippines (Mindanao and other regions: M oro Islamic liberation front, Abu Sayyaf), in Thailand (see also south Thailand insurgency), in India (see also insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir), in the people's republic of china (Xinjian: east Turkestan Islamic movement), Tanzania ( Z anzibarian separatist movements), in the central African republic (regions that are inhabited by Muslims: S éléka ), in Russia (in the northern Caucasus, especially in Chechnya: Caucasus emirate), in Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Alijah Izetbegovic espoused an Islamic inspired separatism) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

166. Geographic and socioeconomic separatism examples MALAYSIA'S SABAH AND SARAWAK SEPARATISTS--Sabah Sarawak K eluar Malaysia (SSKM) is a separatist organization that intends to separate the states of Sabah and Sarawak from the federation of Malaysia. CASCADIA SEPARATISTS--the Cascadia movement contains groups and organizations with a wide range of goals and strategies. Some groups, such as the Cascadian independence party, wish to create a Cascadian nation-state[9] while others, Cascadia now! And vote Cascadia, seek to build a bioregionalism network as alternative to the nation-state structure. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

167. Geographic and socioeconomic separatism examples The relationship between gender and separatism is complex and warrants more research. SEPARATIST FEMINISM is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities. LESBIAN SEPARATISM advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in intentional community, cooperatives, and on land trusts. QUEER NATIONALISM (or "gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

168. global media cultures BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

169. importance of Media culture in globalization Globalization  has a great  influence  on the  media  and further its  impact  on us. The most visible  effect  of  globalization  is wide spread communication. The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped  to  spread information and has helped people  to  come together from all over the world.

170. Media culture Media culture refers to the current western capitalist society that emerged and developed from the 20th century, under the influence of mass media. The term alludes to the overall impact and intellectual guidance exerted by the media (primarily TV, but also the press, radio and cinema), not only on public opinion but also on tastes and values. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

171. Media culture MASS CULTURE  conveys the idea that such culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. The expression media culture, on the other hand, conveys the idea that such culture is the product of the mass media. Another alternative term for media culture is "image culture. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

172. THEORIES OF GLOBAL MEDIA 5 principal practices Political economy approach to media: SOCIAL TOTALITY— all power connected to wider forces HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE— history of economic formation (and rule) unfolds over time CHANGING BALANCE BETWEENCOMMERCIAL MEDIA INDUSTRIES & GOVERNMENT SECTOR –has deregulation decreased and private ownership increased PRAXIS –influence of research in practice and manner in which it seeks influence; seeks to involve public in measuring performance of existing political economy GLOBAL– global perspective is central to critical political economy approach (refer Herbert Schiller) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

173. Herbert Schiller BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

174. Herbert Schiller BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

175. Herbert Schiller BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

176. THEORIES OF GLOBAL MEDIA Culture leads the way in dictating forms of production especially since: Organizational cultures have become more aware of the impact of “social” management on performance, Knowledge economy is embedded in learning, and learning is embedded in specific geographical areas Carminative advantage of “first-movers’ and institutional lock-in. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

177. THEORIES OF GLOBAL MEDIA “The concept of cultural imperialism describes the sum of processes by which a society is brought into modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominant center of the system BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

178. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

179. 3 FACTORS-STRUCTURAL LIMITS TO DIVERSITY GOLDING & MURDOCK (2000): power relations between corporations & nation- states = regulation of ‘public interest’ dominant economic forces determine range and diversity of textual forms available = structural and rhetorical limits to polysemy of media texts income-based barriers to access to cultural and communications goods and services constitute a reiteration of class divides (‘digital divide’) BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

180. digital capitalism Schiller (1999): “ digital capitalism” – ‘powerful pan- corporate attempt to subject worldwide telecommunications policy to us-originated, neo- liberal regulatory norms’ (commercialization, pro- market, ‘anti-collectivism’)  From early 1980s to present: ‘a dramatic restructuring on national media industries, along with the emergence of a genuinely global commercial media market’ (Herman & Machesney, 1997) = concentration of media power on a global scale in the hands of a small number of MNCs BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

181. Globalization of Culture Through the Media The received view about the globalization of culture is one where the entire world has been molded in the image of western, mainly American, culture. In popular and professional discourses alike, the popularity of Big macs, Baywatch, and MTV are touted as unmistakable signs of the fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan's prophecy of the global village. The globalization of culture is often chiefly imputed to international mass media. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

182. Globalization of Culture Through the Media Contemporary media technologies such as satellite television and the internet have created a steady flow of transnational images that connect audiences worldwide. Without global media, according to the conventional wisdom, how would teenagers in India, turkey, and Argentina embrace a western lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music? Hence, the putatively strong influence of the mass media on the globalization of culture. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

183. role of the mass media in the globalization of culture is a contested issue in international communication theory and research. Early theories of media influence, commonly referred to as "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle" theories, believed that the mass media had powerful effects over audiences. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

184. role of the mass media in the globalization of culture theoretical formulations in international communication clung to a belief in powerful media effects on cultures and communities . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

185. Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Debate In international communication theory and research ,, cultural imperialism theory argue that audiences across the globe are heavily affected by media messages emanating from the Western industrialized countries. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

186. Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Debate " media imperialism" and "cultural imperialism," most of the literature in international communication treats the former as a category of the latter. cultural imperialism is firmly rooted in a political-economy perspective on international communication. political economy focuses on material issues such as capital, infrastructure, and political control as key determinants of international communication processes and effects BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

187. factors that affect media globalization Many factors can affect media globalization such as economic, social, cultural and political factors. Media globalization is a form of cultural imperialism as media in places such as America with channels such as CNN broadcast government news which can most assuredly influence people from around the world as television is a communication channel and depending on what industry they belong to, it may biased thus it would contribute towards cultural imperialism which shows how the media integrates and thus affect it BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

188. Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media During the 1960s and the 1970s America and some other first world nations took the media to their advantage. America challenged the idea of the emergence of news and cultural factors for example ‘film, music, television and advertisements’ and thus entertainment was portrayed through the media which helped to develop many countries  BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

189. Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media With the widespread of the internet, it has given the media another channel to which to interact with the world and is the most useful, all-encompassing channel of communication used throughout the world. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

190. Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Media globalization has greatly expanded the significance of communication through various media channels such as social networking sites on Facebook which has become so dominant that people from around the globe and from countless different cultures use these communication channels even though it originally originated from the west but which still has many affects on the less developed world . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

191. radio The radio is also another form of media which can generate globalization in the sense that it has universal accessibility . The radio has been around for hundreds of years and it still seen as an influential tool in helping and expanding ideas around the globe. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

192. radio The radio in Europe was mainly used for governmental uses during the times of war and thus other countries from around the globe considered the radio as a ‘popular movement’ as well as a ‘political dissenter’ which was used to criticize the state policies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

193. internet and technology Although many people treat the internet as a worldwide, electronic device which is best known for democracy at its peak, it has led to a divide and has its own disadvantages . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

194. internet and technology The internet and technology itself has affected many social and economic factors within the society which has also affected those living in undeveloped countries that people who are poor do not have access to the internet and considering that the internet is part of a global movement, they seem to be neglected. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

195. Effects of media The social institutions are shaped, it liaises and advertises the morals and structures of the powerful centre of the actual system. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

196. Effects of media There is no globalization without media and communication but this is sometimes ignored. The media itself acts as a connector which interconnects different cultures from around the globe . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

197. Media and globalization MARSHALL MCLUHAN describes globalization as inter-relations amid various countries which aim to highlight the ‘electronic media and technology which increasingly integrates the world’ and therefore the events in a certain country may be experienced in real-time by other people which would make the world more integrated. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

198. Role of media in globalization The media is media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. Today the media play a key role in enhancing globalization. And the media also play important role in facilitating culture exchange flows of information between countries BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

199. Thank you for reading! cheldhaye