WorldHist-2_Lesson1.2.pptx college student

world history

1. World history 2 Part 2 of lesson 1: renaissance

2. Political science Niccolo Machiavelli (lived 1460-1527) wrote about government and political power. -He went on diplomatic mission to Rome. Author of The Prince Machiavelli looked at how real people thought and acted. He urged rulers to give citizens only those rights that do not limit their power. Leaders should be strong and ruthless when necessary, kind and generous when possible. He said “…it is far safer to be feared than loved”.

3. Scientific and technological innovation -Scientists began to use new method to study nature. They began to apply what they learned to make life better and to conquer nature. -Scientists also began to question old beliefs that could not be proved. -Conclusions based on observation and experimentation became the basis for scientific theories. Near the end of the Renaissance, the scientific revolution began. This was a time of great strides in science and mathematics. Scientists like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton made discoveries that would change the world. Scientific Method. The Scientific Method was further developed during the Renaissance. Galileo used controlled experiments and analyzed data to prove, or disprove, his theories. The process was later refined by scientists such as Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton.

4. His formulation of (circular)  inertia , the  law of falling bodies , and  parabolic  trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the study of motion. His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language of  mathematics  changed natural philosophy from a verbal, qualitative account to a mathematical one in which  experimentation  became a recognized method for discovering the facts of nature. Finally, his discoveries with the  telescope  revolutionized astronomy and paved the way for the acceptance of the  Copernican   heliocentric system , but his  advocacy  of that system eventually resulted in an  Inquisition  process against him. Galileo , in full  Galileo Galilei , (born February 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy]—died January 8, 1642, Arcetri , near Florence), Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of  motion ,  astronomy , and  strength of materials  and to the development of the  scientific method .

5. In  optics , his discovery of the  composition  of white light  integrated  the phenomena of  colours  into the  science  of  light  and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In  mechanics ,  his three laws of motion , the basic principles of modern  physics , resulted in the formulation of the  law of universal gravitation . In  mathematics , he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal  calculus .  Newton’s   Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica  ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , 1687) was one of the most important single works in the  history  of modern science. Isaac Newton , in full  Sir Isaac Newton , (born December 25, 1642 [January 4, 1643, New Style], Woolsthorpe ,  Lincolnshire , England—died March 20 [March 31], 1727, London), English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the  Scientific Revolution  of the 17th century.

6. Anatomy & chemistry Andreas Vesalius , (Latin), Flemish  Andries van Wesel , (born December 1514,  Brussels  [now in Belgium]—died June 1564, island of  Zacynthus , Republic of  Venice  [now in Greece]), Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of  biology  and the practice of  medicine  by his careful description of the  anatomy  of the  human body . Basing his observations on dissections he made himself, he wrote and illustrated the first  comprehensive  textbook of anatomy.

7. William Harvey , (born April 1, 1578,  Folkestone , Kent, England—died June 3, 1657, London), English  physician  who was the first to recognize the full  circulation  of the  blood  in the  human body  and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.

8. Printing Elements of his  invention  are thought to have included a metal alloy that could melt readily and cool quickly to form durable reusable type, an oil-based  ink  that could be made sufficiently thick to adhere well to metal type and transfer well to vellum or paper, and a new press, likely adapted from those used in producing wine, oil, or paper, for applying firm even pressure to printing surfaces. None of these features existed in the European technique used up to that time for stamping letters on various surfaces or in woodblock printing. Gutenberg’s  printing press  was considered a history-changing invention, making books widely accessible and ushering in an “information revolution.” Johannes Gutenberg , in full  Johann Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg , (born 14th century,  Mainz  [Germany]—died probably February 3, 1468, Mainz), German craftsman and inventor who originated a method of  printing  from movable type.

9. Other inventions during renaissance See other tab…ppt (bookmarks)

10. The reformation and counter-reformation The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. People gathered on the docks were met with a horrifying surprise: Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were gravely ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late: Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe—almost one-third of the continent’s population.

11. They challenged and criticized the Church for not doing enough to lead the people out of sin. They also took over many functions of the clergy, such as listening to confessions and giving out penances.

12. The reformation Reformation , also called  Protestant Reformation , the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were  Martin Luther  and  John Calvin . Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of  Protestantism , one of the three major branches of  Christianity . The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church’s delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.

13. Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther’s “95 Theses.” Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.

14. The first protestants Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther’s empowering “priesthood of all believers,” revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Germany’s princes. By the Reformation’s end, Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics.

15. Martin Luther , (born November 10, 1483, Eisleben,  Saxony  [Germany]—died February 18, 1546, Eisleben), German theologian and religious reformer who was the  catalyst  of the 16th-century  Protestant Reformation . Through his words and actions,  Luther  precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between  Roman Catholicism  and the new Protestant traditions, mainly  Lutheranism ,  Calvinism , the  Anglican Communion , the  Anabaptists , and the Antitrinitarians. He is one of the most influential figures in the history of  Christianity .

16. The Ninety-Five Theses  on the Power of Indulgences were written by  Martin Luther  in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary means for the Protestant Reformation. Dr  Martin Luther  used these  Theses  to display his unhappiness with the Church's sale of indulgences, and this eventually gave birth to Protestantism.

17. Ideas that enraged church officials Luther believed that a person could be saved through faith alone. Luther argued that the Bible was the only guide to salvation that Christians needed. Luther claimed that the leaders of the Catholic Church were not the only people who could interpret the Bible. His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism.

18. Reaction of the church - In 1521, the pope excommunicated Luther as a heretic. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. Luther continued to speak out for reform. Luther translated the Bible into German. It became the start of a long struggle between Luther’s supporters and his Catholic opponents. Many German Princes sided with Luther against the pope. Charles V forced the Princes to remain loyal to the pope they resisted The Princes supported the establishment of Protestantism. Protestantism became the new branch of Christianity based on Luther’s teaching. Protestants Prince welcomed the opportunity to be independent of the pope and to rebel against the authority of the Holy Roman Empire. Some Princes seized Church lands and other properties

19. Peace of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg , first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of  Lutheranism  and  Catholicism  in  Germany ,  promulgated  on September 25, 1555, by the  Diet  of the  Holy Roman Empire  assembled earlier that year at  Augsburg . The Peace allowed the state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain and permitted the free emigration of residents who dissented. The legislation officially ended conflict between the two groups, though it made no provisions for other Protestant denominations, such as  Calvinism .

20. The spread of the reformation The Reformation arrived in England. The English King, Henry VIII, was a loyal Catholic. He very much wanted a son to ensure the succession of the Tudor line of Kings. King  Henry VIII  (1491-1547) ruled England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He famously married a series of six wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. Catherine of Aragon – the Spanish wife of Henry gave him a daughter but no son. He urged the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine.

21. Catherine – was a devout Catholic and the aunt of Charles V – the Holy Roman Emperor and supporter of the pope. Henry broke completely with the Roman Catholic Church. He had Parliament issue The Act of Supremacy. The Acts of Supremacy  are two  acts  passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England. The 1534  Act  declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the pope.

22. - Henry closed down the monasteries and seized much of the land in England belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. King Henry started the movement that made Protestantism the main faith authorized by the English government. Bet. 1536-1541, a French lawyer named John Calvin organized Protestant churches in Switzerland. Many Calvin’s ideas were similar to those of Luther. He believed that an all-powerful God determined which of the naturally sinful humans would go to heaven. (predetermination). Calvin and his followers believed I life of hard work and prayer. They denied themselves all but the simplest of pleasures.

23. John Calvin , French  Jean Calvin  or  Jean Cauvin , (born July 10, 1509, Noyon, Picardy, France—died May 27, 1564, Geneva, Switzerland), theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the  Protestant Reformation . His interpretation of  Christianity , advanced above all in his  Institutio Christianae religionis  (1536 but elaborated in later editions;  Institutes of the Christian Religion ), and the institutional and social patterns he worked out for Geneva deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in  Europe  and in  North America . The Calvinist form of  Protestantism  is widely thought to have had a major impact on the formation of the modern world.

24. Huguenots – French Huguenots. Puritans – followers of Calvin in England. Both of them were persecuted. Their religious ideas and strict way of life were quite different from the practices of most English and French people. Many Huguenots and Puritans eventually brought their Protestant faith and their belief in hard work to America. In America, the Puritans punished individuals and groups who held different religious ideas.