Worm infestation in children english

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1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor ) PLEASE SUBSCRIBE LIKE AND SHARE

2. Worm Infestation One of the leading causes of stomach ache in children is intestinal infection which is mostly caused by intestinal  parasites such as worms. Worms tend to live in the intestine and feed off the child’s nutrition. There are different types of intestinal worms that can cause worm infections, but the most common are roundworms, tapeworms, pinworms or threadworms and hookworms

3. Roundworm Roundworm infestation is also known as ascariasis . It is caused by a worm known as ascaris lumbricoids . These worms are parasites that use human body as a host to mature from larvae or eggs to adult worms. Adult worms, which reproduce, can be more than a foot (30 centimeters) long.

4. How it spreads An individual become infected with ascariasis after accidentally ingesting the eggs of the  ascariasis lumbricoides  roundworm. The eggs can be found in soil contaminated by human feces or uncooked food contaminated by soil that contains roundworm eggs. Children often become infected when they put their hands in their mouths after playing in contaminated soil.

5. How it Grows Swallowed eggs first hatch in the intestine. The larvae then move through the bloodstream to your lungs. After maturing, the roundworms leave the lungs and travel to the throat .

6. How it Grows The individual cough up or swallow the roundworms from the throat. The worms that are swallowed will travel back to the intestine . Once they’re back in the small intestine , the worms will mature, and lay more eggs. The cycle continues. Some eggs are excreted through the feces . Other eggs hatch and return to the lungs.

7. Sign and symptoms P eople with ascariasis often have no symptoms. Symptoms are noticeable only when the number of roundworm increases. Roundworms in the lungs can cause: - Coughing -shortness of breath -aspiration pneumonia -blood in mucus -chest discomfort -fever

8. Sign and symptoms Roundworms in the intestines can cause: -Nausea -Vomiting -Weight loss -Irregular stools or  diarrhea -Visible worms in the stool -Loss of appetite -Abdominal discomfort or pain -Intestinal obstruction causes severe pain and vomiting -Growth impairment in children due to  malabsorption

9. Diagnostic investigations- Stool examination X-ray CT scan Ultrasound MRI scan Endoscopy

10. Treatment- Roundworm infestation can be treated with antiparasitic drugs. Medications most commonly used include: Albendazole , Ivermectin , Mebendazole In severe case when the roundworms are completely blocking the intestines, patient may need surgery .

11. Tapeworm Tapeworms are flat, segmented worms which look like a tape measure. Mainly two types of tapeworms infest human beings . Theses are taenia solium and taenia saginata . Although tapeworms in humans usually cause few symptoms and are easily treated, they can sometimes cause serious, life-threatening problems. .

12. How it spreads Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. Humans can also become infected if there is contact with animal feces or eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water . People can pass  tapeworm  eggs to others when they don't wash their hands after using the same bathroom.

13. How it Grows In animals the swallowed eggs first hatch in the intestine . invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to the striated muscles, where they develop into cysticercus . A cysticercus can survive for several years in the animal. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat.

14. How it Grows In the human intestine, the cysticercus develops over 2 months into an adult tapeworm, which can survive for years. The adult tapeworms attach to the small intestine by their scolex    and reside in the small intestine  . Length of adult worms is usually 5 m or less for  T. saginata   and 2 to 7 m for  T. solium .  The adults produce proglottids which mature, become gravid, detach from the tapeworm, and migrate to the anus or are passed in the stool 

15. Sign and symptoms Sometimes tapeworms cause symptoms such as: Nausea -Weakness Diarrhea -Abdominal pain Fatigue -Weight loss Increased Hunger or loss of appetite

16. Diagnostic investigations- Stool examination X-ray CT scan Ultrasound MRI scan Endoscopy

17. Treatment- Tapeworm infestation can be treated with antiparasitic drugs. Medications most commonly used include: Niclosamide , Mepacarmine In severe case when the tapeworms reach to the brain tissue, patient may need surgery .

18. Pinworm or Threadworm Pinworms  are tiny, narrow worms. They're white in color and less than a half-inch long.  Enterobius vermicularis  is widely known as the human pinworm due to the female’s long, pointed tail . They're the most common type of human worm infestation

19. How it spreads Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to the mouth by contaminated food, drink or the fingers . Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks.

20. How it Grows Gravid adult female  Enterobius vermicularis  deposit eggs on perianal folds. Infection occurs via self-inoculation (transferring eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area) or through exposure to eggs in the environment (e.g. contaminated surfaces, clothes, bed linens, etc .). Following ingestion of infective eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine    .

21. How it Grows The time interval from ingestion of infective eggs to oviposition by the adult females is about one month . Gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and oviposit while crawling on the skin of the perianal area. The larvae contained inside the eggs develop (the eggs become infective) in 4 to 6 hours under optimal conditions  .  

22. Sign and symptoms Symptoms of pinworm infection may include: Itching of the anal or vaginal area Insomnia, irritability, teeth grinding and restlessness Occasional stomach pain and nausea Pinworms often cause no symptoms.

23. Diagnostic investigations- A tape test is the most reliable method for diagnosing a pinworm infection. This test consists of taking a piece of cellophane tape and pressing the sticky, adhesive side against the skin around the anus. This tape is placed on a slide and examine it under a microscope to see if it contains pinworm eggs.

24. Treatment- The most common and effective medications to treat pinworm infection are: M ebendazole , Albendazole , Pyrantel pamoate One course of medication usually involves an initial dose, followed by a second dose two to three weeks later. More than one course may be necessary to fully eliminate the pinworm eggs

25. Hookworm Hookworm  disease in humans is caused by Ancylostoma duodenale , A. ceylanicum , and Necator americanus . Hookworms affect the  lungs, skin, and small intestine. Humans contract hookworms through hookworm larvae found in dirt contaminated by feces.

26. How it spreads The Child can become infected with hookworms by coming into contact with soil that contains their larvae. The larvae enter the skin , travel through bloodstream , and enter the lungs . They are carried to your small intestine when you cough them out of the lung and swallow. Fully grown, they can live in your small intestine for a year or more before passing through your feces.

27. How it Grows Eggs are passed in the stool, and under favorable conditions (moisture, warmth, shade), larvae hatch in 1 to 2 days and become free-living in contaminated soil. Filariform (third-stage) larvae of hookworm are infective    . These infective larvae can survive 3 to 4 weeks in favorable environmental conditions. On contact with the human host, typically bare feet, the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried through the blood vessels to the heart and then to the lungs.

28. How it Grows They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed    . The larvae reach the jejunum of the small intestine, where they reside and mature into adults. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine, typically the distal jejunum, where they attach to the intestinal wall with resultant blood loss by the host 

29. Sign and symptoms Colic , or cramping and excessive crying in infants Nausea - F ever Blood in stool - L oss of appetite I tchy rash -Loss of Weight

30. Diagnostic investigations- Physical Examination Stool examination Blood examination (CBC)

31. Treatment- The most common and effective medications to treat hookworm infection are: M ebendazole , Albendazole , Pyrantel pamoate For severe anamemia Iron supplementation may also be given

32. Prevention of worm infestation- 1.  Keep children’s fingernails short and clean to keep dirt containing worm eggs from getting lodged under their nails. 2.  Stop pets from giving worms to the family by putting them on a parasite control programme from veterinary doctor. 3.  Wash hands before preparing, distributing and eating food . 4.  Wash all fruit, salads and vegetables before use . 5.  Rinse all meats before preparing them for cooking.

33. Prevention of worm infestation- 6 .  Make sure children wash their hands with soap and clean water after using the toilet. 7.  Do not drink water that may be dirty. 8.  Wear shoes to stop worms entering through the feet . 9 . Use of sanitary latrines by all. 10. Deworming your child also effectively reduces the overall spread of worm infestations in the community.

34. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )