xenobiotics, its categories and its roles

Xenobiotics, categories and usage

1. Xenobiotics Dr. Vinod Kumar Patil Assistant Professor Department of Food and Nutrition Faculty of Sciences Khaja Bandanawaz University Kalaburagi

2. A  xenobiotic  is a chemical substance found within an  organism  that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher  concentrations  than are usual.  The term  xenobiotic  is also used to refer to organs transplanted from one species to another. Xenobiotic can produce a variety of biological effects: Pharmacological responses Toxicity Immunological responses Cancers Types of xenobiotics Exogenous: drugs; food additives; pollutants; insecticides; carcinogens. Endogenous: Bilirubin; Bile acids; Steroids.

3. Xenobiotics causes a biotransformation reactions where a substance is changed to another chemical by a chemical reaction within the body which causes: Changes in solubility characteristics Detoxification Metabolic activation Potentially toxic xenobiotic Pro-drug detoxification metabolic intermediate Inactive metabolite Reactive intermediate

4. Mineral nutrition or natural nutrients are the essential nutrients that allow the body to grow and survive. The body uses minerals for many things from building strong bones to sending messages through the nervous system. Some minerals are used to make hormones or to maintain a regular heartbeat. Classification of Minerals: Based on biological roles: Mineral elements are classified as essential elements with a known biological role and non-essential elements with unknown functions and toxic substances. Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper, tin, cobalt, manganese, fluorine, etc., are examples of essential nutrients. Boron, aluminium, mercury, lead, and cadmium are non-essential elements.

5. Based on the amount required for the human body: Minerals are classified as Principal elements and Trace elements. Principal elements are also known as Macro minerals/Macronutrients. Trace elements are Micro minerals/Micronutrients.  Macronutrients: Macronutrients constitute about 60: 80% of the body’s inorganic material. These are Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphur. These are required in amounts greater than 100mg/day.

6. Calcium : Major constituent of bones and teeth. It helps in muscle contraction. It also ensures that your blood clots normally, which is important for healing. Primary sources are milk and milk products, leafy vegetables and beans. Phosphorous : Major constituent of bones and teeth. It is used to form high-energy phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides, etc. Primary sources are milk, cereals and leafy vegetables. Magnesium : Major constituent of bones and teeth. This is used as a cofactor for enzymes. Primary sources are cereals, vegetables, fruits and milk. Sodium : Helps in muscle functions and acid-base balance. Primary sources are table salt and salt-added foods. Potassium : Chief cation of intracellular fluids and muscle functions. Potassium helps the body maintain the balance of fluids and keeps your heart healthy and functioning correctly. Primary sources are fruits, nuts and vegetables. Chlorine : Helps in regulation of acid-base balance and formation of HCL. The primary source is table salt. Sulphur : It is a constituent of amino acids and other components. Its primary source is sulfur-containing amino acids.

7. Micronutrients: Micronutrients are required in amounts of less than 100mg/day. Microminerals occur in living tissues in minute quantities. These are subdivided into three categories: Essential trace elements: Copper, Iron, Manganese, Iodine, Molybdenum, Zinc, Cobalt, Selenium, Fluorine and Chromium. Possibly essential trace elements: Vanadium, Nickel, Barium and Cadmium. Non-essential trace elements: Lead, Aluminium, Boron, Silver, Mercury, Bismuth, etc.

8. Iron : It is the constituent of haem and is involved in O2 transport and biological oxidation. If you don’t have enough iron in your diet, you’re at risk of developing iron-deficiency anaemia . Primary sources are organ meat, leafy vegetables, iron cookware, etc.  Copper : It is the main constituent of enzymes and helps in iron transport. Primary sources: Organ meat cereals, leafy vegetables. Iodine : Helps your body make the thyroid hormones that keep your cells and metabolic rate healthy. It is the principal constituent of thyroxine. Primary sources are iodized salt and seafood. Manganese : It is the cofactor for enzymes. Primary sources are cereals, leafy vegetables, etc.

9. Zinc : It is the major cofactor for enzymes. Primary sources are meat, fish, milk. Molybdenum : It is a significant constituent of enzymes. Primary sources are vegetables. Cobalt : It is the principal constituent of Vitamin B12. Primary sources are foods of animal origin. Fluorine : It helps in the proper formation of bones and teeth. The primary source is drinking water. Selenium:  It is involved in antioxidant function and is a good source of vitamin E. Primary sources are organ meats and seafood. Chromium : It promotes insulin function. Primary sources are Brewer’s yeast, meat, whole grains, etc.

10. There are five main categories of mineral deficiency: calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Calcium deficiency : cramping of the muscles, numbness, tingling in the fingers, fatigue, poor appetite, irregular heart rhythms Iron deficiency : The symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia include feeling weak and tired. Iron deficiency develops slowly and can cause anaemia . Magnesium deficiency : Numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, seizures, abnormal rhythms of the heart Potassium deficiency : Symptoms of potassium deficiency include weakness, muscle cramping, bloating, constipation, or abdominal pain caused by paralysis of the intestines. Zinc deficiency : Zinc deficiency can cause loss of appetite, taste, or smell. Decreased function of the immune system and slowed growth are other symptoms.

11. Zinc 11/8 40; 25 Required for several classes of enzymes such as  matrix metalloproteinases ,  liver alcohol dehydrogenase ,  carbonic anhydrase  and  zinc finger proteins Oysters*, red meat, poultry, nuts, whole grains, dairy products zinc deficiency  /  zinc toxicity Sodium 1500 2300 A systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating  ATP with potassium Table salt (sodium chloride, the main source),  sea vegetables , milk, and  spinach . hyponatremia  /  hypernatremia Selenium 0.055 0.4; 0.3 Essential to activity of  antioxidant  enzymes like  glutathione peroxidase Brazil nuts, seafoods, organ meats, meats, grains, dairy products, eggs selenium deficiency  /  selenosis Potassium 4700 NE; NE A systemic  electrolyte  and is essential in coregulating  ATP  with sodium Sweet potato, tomato, potato, beans, lentils, dairy products, seafood, banana, prune, carrot, orange [18] hypokalemia  /  hyperkalemia Phosphorus 700 4000; 4000 A component of bones (see  hydroxyapatite ), cells, in energy processing, in DNA and ATP (as phosphate) and many other functions Red meat, dairy foods,  fish , poultry, bread, rice, oats. In biological contexts, usually seen as  phosphate hypophosphatemia  /  hyperphosphatemia Molybdenum 0.045 2; 0.6 Required for the functioning of  xanthine oxidase ,  aldehyde oxidase , and  sulfite oxidase Legumes, whole grains, nuts molybdenum deficiency  / molybdenum toxicity Manganese 2.3/1.8 11; NE Required co-factor for  superoxide dismutase Grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables, tea, coffee manganese deficiency  /  manganism Magnesium 420/320 350; 250 Required for processing  ATP  and for bones Spinach,  legumes , nuts, seeds, whole grains, peanut butter, avocado hypomagnesemia  ( magnesium deficiency ) /  hypermagnesemia Iron 8/18 45; NE Required for many proteins and enzymes, notably  hemoglobin  to prevent  anemia Meat, seafood, nuts, beans, dark chocolate iron deficiency  /  iron overload disorder Iodine 0.150 1.1; 0.6 Required for the synthesis of  thyroid hormones  and to help enzymes in host defense Seaweed ( kelp  or  kombu )*, grains, eggs, iodized salt iodine deficiency  ( goiter ) /  iodism  ( hyperthyroidism ) Copper 0.9 10; 5 Required co-factor for  cytochrome c oxidase Liver, seafood, oysters, nuts, seeds; some: whole grains, legumes [26] copper deficiency  /  copper toxicity Cobalt none NE; NE Cobalt is available for use by animals only after having been processed into complex molecules (e.g.,  vitamin B 12 ) by bacteria. Humans contain only milligrams of cobalt in these cofactors. A deficiency of cobalt leads to  pernicious anemia . Animal muscle and liver are good dietary sources, also shellfish and crab meat. pernicious anemia  /  cobalt poisoning Chlorine 2300 3600; NE Needed for production of  hydrochloric acid  in the stomach, in cellular pump functions and required in host defense Table salt  (sodium chloride) is the main dietary source. hypochloremia /  hyperchloremia Calcium 1000 2500; 2500 Needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone (see  hydroxyapatite ), supports synthesis and function of blood cells, helps in blood clotting Dairy products , eggs,  canned fish with bones  (salmon, sardines),  green leafy vegetables ,  nuts ,  seeds , tofu, thyme, oregano, dill, cinnamon. hypocalcaemia  /  hypercalcaemia Dietary element RDA/AI Male/Female (US) [mg] UL (US and EU) [mg] Category High nutrient density dietary sources Terms for deficiency/excess Roles in biological processes