XII Unit 9 (30%).pdf Physical education class 12 very informative

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2. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
PSYCHOLOGY
Sportspsychologystudieshowmentalandemotionalfactorsinfluenceathletic
performanceandphysicalactivity.Itfocusesonenhancingathletes'mental
toughness,motivation,andoverallwell-beingtooptimizeperformance.
SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

3. Personality, derived from the Latin"persona," refers to an
individual's stable and unique characteristics that influence their
responses to various situations.
Personalityrefers to the unique and relatively stable set of
characteristics, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that define
how an individual responds to different situations.
It is shaped by both biological and
environmental factors and influences how a
person interacts with the world and adapts to
their surroundings.
In sports, understanding athletes' personality
traits is crucial for predicting how they will
respond to training, competition, and
coaching.

4. Carl Jung: Personality as an attitude refers to a predisposition to behave in a certain manner.
William Herbert Sheldon: offered a topology of personality based on three major morphologies or body types
(Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph), each associated with a different temperament of an individual.
Cattell: Personality is “that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.”
Guildford: Personality is an ‘individual’s unique pattern of traits.’
Eysenck: Personality is defined as more or less stable and enduring organization or a person’s character,
temperament, intellect and physique which determine his unique adjustment to the environment.
Robert A Baron: Personality is defined as individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts
and feelings.
Allport: Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that
determine his unique adjustment to his environment.

5. Personality types categorize people into distinct,
broad groups based on shared characteristics or
behaviors.
Example: Introverts vs. Extroverts (Carl Jung,
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator).
Personality traits refer to individual characteristics
that exist on a continuum, with people varying in the
degree to which they possess these traits.
Example: Big Five Personality Traits (Openness,
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness,
Neuroticism).

6. JUNG’S CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY TYPES
His theory outlines how individuals differ in the way they direct their energy and process information. Jung proposed
two main attitudes (introversion and extraversion) and four functions, which are further divided into two categories:
rational (thinking and feeling) and irrational (sensing and intuition).
Functions
Carl Jung’s classification of
personality types
Attitudes
Introversion Extraversion
Irrational Rational
Thinking
Feeling
Sensing
Intuition

7. Jung’s Personality Types:
Attitudes (Energy Orientation):
•Introversion:
•Focuses energy inward toward thoughts, feelings, and internal experiences.
•Prefers solitude, reflection, and tends to be reserved.
•Finds stimulation from within rather than from external interactions.
•Extraversion:
•Focuses energy outward toward people, activities, and the external world.
•Enjoys social interactions, is outgoing, and thrives on external stimuli.
•Gains energy from being around others.
Rational (Judging) Functions:
•Thinking:
•Uses logic and analysis to make decisions.
•Focuses on objective truth and facts.
•Feeling:
•Makes decisions based on personal values and
emotional responses.
•Focuses on harmony, relationships, and
subjective experiences.
Irrational (Perceiving) Functions:
•Sensing:
•Relies on concrete, sensory input from the present
moment.
•Focuses on facts, details, and immediate
experiences.
•Intuition:
•Looks for patterns, possibilities, and abstract
concepts beyond immediate reality.
•Focuses on the future, innovation, and big-picture
thinking.
Functions (Ways of Perceiving and Judging):

8. Combinations of Attitudes and Functions:
Jung proposed that individuals have a dominant attitude (introversion or extraversion) combined with one of the
four functions, creating eight possible personality types:
1.Introverted Thinking: Reflective, analytical, and inwardly focused on ideas and logic.
2.Extraverted Thinking: Objective, logical, and organized, focusing outward on structures and rules.
3.Introverted Feeling: Deep, personal values and emotions are central, though often not openly expressed.
4.Extraverted Feeling: Outwardly focused on building relationships and harmony, highly empathetic.
5.Introverted Sensing: Focused on internal perceptions and detailed memories, often cautious.
6.Extraverted Sensing: Highly attuned to the external world and sensory experiences, living in the present.
7.Introverted Intuition: Oriented towards inner visions and abstract ideas, focused on possibilities.
8.Extraverted Intuition: Outwardly focused on new ideas, innovation, and possibilities in the external world.

9. While explaining personality through the term Introvert and Extrovert,
there is reference of a third term called Ambivert which is a relatively new
term. Jung did not use the word to explain that there is no such thing as a
pure introvert or extrovert. This concept was supported by many other
later psychologists. Ambiverts reflect a blend of traits from the introvert
as well as the extrovert along with having some specific strengths. Thus,
an ambivert can be defined as someone who falls in the middle of the
introvert/extrovert continuum.
AMBIVERT

10. BIG FIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY
❖It is also known as the Five-Factor Model (FFM)
❖Big Five Factor personality model offered by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae.
❖The five personality traits also known as the Five Factor Model of Personality
and sometimes referred as OCEAN.
❖The five domains or traits represented by the acronym OCEAN, are Openness,
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

11. BIG
FIVE
THEORY
Creative, curious, open-
minded, imaginative
Anxious, moody,
easily stressed, prone
to negative emotions
Sociable, talkative,
assertive,
enthusiastic
Trusting, kind,
empathetic,
cooperative
Reliable, organized,
detail-oriented,
diligent

12. Dimension Description High Scores Low Scores
Openness
Willingness to engage in new
experiences and ideas
Creative, curious, open-minded,
imaginative
Conventional, practical, prefers
routine
Conscientiousness
Organization, dependability, and
discipline
Reliable, organized, detail-oriented,
diligent
Spontaneous, less reliable,
disorganized
ExtraversionOutgoingness and social energy
Sociable, talkative, assertive,
enthusiastic
Reserved, solitary, prefers quiet
environments
Agreeableness
Compassion and
cooperativeness
Trusting, kind, empathetic,
cooperative
Competitive, critical, less
concerned with others
Neuroticism
Emotional stability and tendency
toward negative emotions
Anxious, moody, easily stressed,
prone to negative emotions
Calm, emotionally stable, less
prone to negative emotions
BIG FIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY

13. ➢Derived from the Latin word Movere, meaning "to move."
➢It is the driving force that initiates, guides, and maintains behavior.
➢Motivation can be defined as the direction and intensity of effort.
Two Key Factors:
➢Objective: Explains the "why" behind an action or behavior, which gives
purpose.
➢Direction: Explains the "what" of an action or behavior, indicating the goal
or achievement.
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior.

14. Intrinsic Motivation
➢It is derived from the French word
intrinseque, meaning "inward.“
➢Internal motivation that drives individuals to
pursue actions naturally for pleasure, fun,
fulfillment, or challenge.
➢Behavior: When an individual engages in an
activity for enjoyment or continues it
consistently for personal satisfaction, this
reflects intrinsic motivation.
➢Example: A runner trains to beat their
personal best time, motivated by the internal
desire to push their limits and improve their
performance.
Intrinsic Motivation
➢It is derived from the Latin word entrinsecus,
meaning "outward."
➢Internal motivation driven by external
factors rather than internal urges or
satisfaction.
➢Behavior: The behavior is influenced by
external rewards such as prizes, money,
praise, or the desire to avoid punishment.
➢Example: An athlete competes in a
tournament to win a trophy or prize money,
driven by the desire for external rewards.

15. Aspect Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
Motivation that comes from within, driven by
personal satisfaction
Motivation driven by external factors, rewards,
or pressures
Source
Internal desires, instincts, and personal
fulfillment
External rewards, recognition, or avoidance of
punishment
Examples
Playing a sport for enjoyment, improving skills
for self-growth
Competing for a trophy, money, or praise from
others
Behaviour Driven ByFun, challenge, personal accomplishment
Rewards, prizes, fame, avoiding penalties or
punishment
SustainabilityOften longer-lasting, as it is self-driven Can fade if external rewards are removed
Focus Focus on the process and personal satisfactionFocus on the outcome or external validation
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

16. MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES
Cognitive Approach Pedagogical ApproachSocial Support StrategyFacilitation Approach
Expectancy Theory: People
are motivated when they
believe the probability of
success is higher than the
chance of failure.
Goal Setting Theory:
Motivation is driven by the
quality of information
provided about tasks, including
time limits, difficulty levels,
and specificity.
Effective Task Design:
Time Bound: Tasks should have a
clear time frame.
Complexity Level: Tasks should be
appropriately challenging, neither
too easy nor too difficult.
Specificity: Task instructions
should be precise and clear.
Purpose: The outcome of the task
should be well-defined and
understood.
TheGuidedDiscoveryMethod
motivates athletesby
encouragingthemtofind
solutionsindependently,and
fosteringdecision-making
AValuableFeedbackSystem
motivatesathletesbyproviding
specific,supportivefeedback,
guiding them toward
improvementandencouraging
sustainedeffort.
Fun-basedTrainingcombines
challengewithenjoyment.
Individualized Training
Programs(ITP/IEP)tailor
trainingtoeachathlete’s
uniqueabilitiesandlimits,
helpingthemsetpersonal
targetsandchallengestoavoid
burnout and maintain
motivation.
Social Support Strategy
emphasizes the role of
positive social networks—
family, peers, and friends—
in influencing sports
participation and exercise,
enhancing motivation and
maintaining healthy habits
through supportive
environments and group
activities.
Incentives and Rewards provide
external motivation that
encourages athletes to pursue
sports consistently and maintain
long-term commitment.
Valence of Reward highlights that
for rewards to be effective, they
must align with an athlete’s
personal desires and expectations,
ensuring the reward is genuinely
valued and motivating.
Performance Appraisals involve recognizing and praising
athletes' efforts, boosting motivation, confidence, and planning
for future excellence through regular feedback and rewards.
Quality Support and Facilitation emphasize that high-quality
support significantly impacts athlete motivation, requiring
careful diagnosis and provision of effective resources to
maintain high standards of behavior.