XRD interpretation

In this slide contains Introduction about XRD and there interpretation.
Presented by: Mohumed omar Mahmoud. (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur.

1. 1 A seminar as a part of curricular requirement for I year M.Pharm I semester Presented by Mohamed Omar Mahmoud ( Reg.No. 20L81S0310) Under the guidance Dr . Nawaz Mohamed M.Pharm,Ph.D Associate Professor Dept.of pharmaceutics XRD Interpretation

2. 2 Introduction XRD XRD interpretation References Contents

3. 3 Introduction

4. 4 1895 X.rays discovered by Roentgen 1914 First diffraction pattern of a crystal made by knippingand 1915 Theory to determine crystal structure from diffraction developed by Bragg. 1953 DNA structure solved by Watson and Crick Now Diffraction improved by computer History

5. 5 X - Ray Diffraction  ( XRD ) is a laboratory-based technique commonly used for identification of crystalline materials and analysis of unit cell dimensions. ...   X - ray  powder  diffraction can  also be applied to the identification of fine-grained minerals Definition

6. 6 X-ray diffraction  analysis ( XRD ) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crystallographic structure of a material.  XRD  works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material [1] Principle

7. 7 Basic components of XRD X-ray tube sample holder X-ray detector

8. 8 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determi XRD X-Ray Diffraction

9. 9 Sir William Henry Bragg: William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg (father and son) found a simple interpretation of von Laue’s experiment. They assume that each crystal plane reflects radiation as a mirror and analyze this situation for cases of constructive and destructive interference. Bragg’s law n λ = 2 d sin θ

10. 10 Path difference Δ= 2x => phase shift Constructive interference if Δ= nλ This gives the criterion for constructive interference Derivation of Bragg’s law θ θ θ x Bragg’s law tells you at which angle θ B to expect maximum diffracted intensity for a particular family of crystal planes. For large crystals, all other angles give zero intensity.

11. 11 Crystal .atoms are arrangwd in a periodic pattern of three dimensions. Not all solids are crystalline However .some solid are do not possesses any regular interior arrangement of atoms called Amorphous such as glass XRD Interpretation

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13. 13 Peak position The diffraction peak position is recorded as the detector angle, 2θ. The position of the diffraction peaks are determined by the distance between parallel planes of atoms. from X-rays scattered by parallel planes of atoms will produce a diffraction peak. Peak width peak width tells about crystallite size and lattice strain Peak Intensity Peak intensity tells about the position of atoms within a lattice structure. and Significance of peak shape in XRD

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26. 26 Sharma Y. Elementary organic spectroscopy: principles and chemical application. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi, India. 2009:23. Fifield FW, Kealey D. Principles and practice of analytical chemistry: Blackwell Science Hoboken: 2000. References

27. 27 THANK YOU