Yash Kachhetiya Magnetotherapy 20LL6a.pptx

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1. M agnetotherapy Transcerebral magnetotherapy, Peripheral magnetotherapy Name: Yash Kachhetiya Group No: 20LL6a

2. Contents Magnetotherapy Trans Cerebral Magnetotherapy Peripheral Magnetotherapy

3. M agnetotherapy It is a therapeutic technique that consists in applying artificial magnetic fields on an affected part of the human body, controlling intensity and frequency. It is a technique that uses magnetic fields to restore the cellular biochemical balance exclusively to therapeutic and curative purposes.

4. Indications Bone and articulation pathologies osteoporosis, fractures, arthrosis Traumatology contractures, sprains, strains, contusions and fractures Painful states tension type headache, neuralgia Skin lesions burns, ulcers, wounds Inflammatory states arthritis, myositis, tendinitis, epicondylitis, lumbago, adductor syndrome Depression and migraine

5. Contraindications E xistence of acute infection – specially septic tuberculosis H emorrhagic focus -(bleeding ulcers) because of vasodilatation effect can provoke further hemorrhage C ardiac pacemaker P regnancy – because it could provoke fetal damages T umors existence- because they can be disseminates P atients with hydrocortisone treatment In case of vascular obstruction, because the obstructive element can be liberated and obstruct another part of the body provoking further damages J uvenile diabetes

6. Some people can have side effects like : pain Nausea Dizziness However, these side effects are rare

7. Therapeutic Effects Analgesic effect Anti-inflammatory effect Relaxation on muscles Cell stimulation Increased oxygenation Delay in cartilage degeneration Bone reconstruction Increases calcification of bones Improves the immune system

8. Trans cerebral magnetotherapy TMS was approved for use by the FDA as a treatment for major depression for patients who do not respond to at least one antidepressant medication in the current episode. It is also used in other countries as a treatment for depression in patients who have not responded to medications and who might otherwise be considered for ECT. It’s a noninvasive treatment that uses electromagnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells, which may improve symptoms of neurological or mental health disorders.

9. Working of TMS A typical TMS session lasts 30 to 60 minutes and does not require anesthesia. During the procedure: 1. An electromagnetic coil is held against the forehead near an area of the brain that is thought to be involved in mood regulation. 2. Then, short electromagnetic pulses are administered through the coil. The magnetic pulses easily pass through the skull, and causes small electrical currents that stimulate nerve cells in the targeted brain region.

10. Because this type of pulse generally does not reach further than two inches into the brain, scientists can select which parts of the brain will be affected and which will not be. The magnetic field is about the same strength as that of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Generally, the person feels a slight knocking or tapping on the head as the pulses are administered. Not all scientists agree on the best way to position the magnet on the patient's head or give the electromagnetic pulses. More research is underway to determine the safest and most effective uses of TMS.

11. Contra-indications We should avoid this treatment if you have metal in your head, such as: deep brain stimulators electrodes neck or brain stents aneurysm clips or coils shrapnel or bullet pieces facial tattoos with metallic ink metal plates cochlear implants permanent piercings We may also need to avoid TMS if you: have a history of epilepsy or seizures are taking stimulants have a medical condition that increases the risk of seizures

12. Side Effects mild headaches (most common) Lightheadedness scalp pain neck pain Tingling facial twitching Sleepiness altered cognition during treatment

13. Mechanism of TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation is achieved by quickly discharging current from a large capacitor into a coil to produce pulsed magnetic fields between 2 and 3 Tesla in strength. The effects of TMS can be divided based on frequency, duration and intensity (amplitude) of stimulation: Single or paired pulse TMS causes neurons in the neocortex under the site of stimulation to depolarize and discharge an action potential. Repetitive TMS produces longer-lasting effects which persist past the period of stimulation. Low frequency rTMS with a stimulus frequency less than 1 Hz is believed to inhibit cortical firing while a stimulus frequency greater than 1 Hz, or high frequency, is believed to provoke it.

14. Peripheral Magnetotherapy Peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) or so-called transcutaneous magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive method of delivering a rapidly pulsed, high-intensity magnetic field to the periphery other than the brain.

15. Indications Musculoskeletal Disorders Degenerative Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Myofascial Pain Syndrome Cervical Pain Frozen Shoulder Shoulder Tendinitis Sport injuries Muscle Relaxation Pain Control after Car Accident Spinal Disorders Acute/Chronic Lumbago Hip gout (Sciatica) Spinal Bifida Spondylitis Chronic Back Pain Spinal Disc Disease Other Disorders Peripheral Vascular Diseases Berger’s Disease

16. Mechanism of action Peripheral magnetic stimulation triggers massive proprioceptive afferents when applied to muscles via two pathways: The first pathway is the direct activation of sensorimotor nerve fibers. The other is the indirect activation of mechanoreceptors in the muscle fiber. Peripheral magnetic stimulation is also shown to normalize the activation patterns of the frontoparietal networks of motor planning and leads to some functional improvement. Other supporting findings include that peripheral magnetic stimulation might have effects on the homeostasis of cortical excitability.

17. Devices

18. 1. Duty Cycle: On and Off Periods The continuous protocol, which is hypothesized to briefly inhibit overactive spinal circuits of muscle spasticity. The intermittent protocol, which imitates physiological muscle contraction and relaxation and generates proprioceptive afferent inducing neuroplasticity. Working of PMS

19. 2. Total Number of Stimuli For transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the total number of magnetic pulses obtained is one important factor to determine effectiveness; however, its role in peripheral magnetic stimulation has not been determined.

20. 3. Frequency As is the case with the total number of stimuli, frequency is another major factor of TMS. Low-frequency stimulation (less than 1 Hz) has inhibitory effects, while high-frequency stimulation (more than 5 Hz) initiates excitatory effects in the brain. Its influence on the effect of peripheral magnetic stimulation remains inconclusive.

21. 4. Intensity Peripheral magnetic stimulation intensity is indicated by using tesla units or a percentage of the maximal stimulator output. But the real magnetic field strength that reaches the target structure cannot be determined. Factors affecting the strength are the type of coil used for stimulation, depth of target tissues, and geometry of the area beneath the coil. Therefore, the intensity is roughly measured by observing whether there is a muscle contraction.

22. Side effects Some pain and discomfort were reported in studies that used triple stimulation techniques deploying suprathreshold peripheral magnetic stimulation. These side effects are likely associated with the intensity of peripheral magnetic stimulation.

23. Indications and Contra-indications Pediatric Patients : TMS safety guidelines concluded that single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS is safe for children aged 2 years and older. Pregnancy : It is suggested that direct magnetic stimulation on the lumbar spine should be avoided. Women who are pregnant should stay at least 70 cm away from the coil.

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