Yellow fever

MIcrobiology

1. NUR IZZATUL NAJWA BINTI SHARUPUDDIN 082015100036 YELLOW FEVER

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of the seminar, we are able to : Define yellow fever Know the transmission Know the epidemiology Relate the clinical features Know the diagnosis and treatment Understand the control Of yellow fever

3. INTRODUCTION Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected female mosquitoes Caused by : Yellow fever virus which is an arbovirus of the flavivirus gene Also named yellow as it causes jaundice at later stage

4. TRANSMISSION Transmitted by female mosquitoes , belonging to the Aedes and Haemogogus species . 3 types of transmission cycle : Sylvatic ( jungle) yellow fever Intermediate yellow fever Urban yellow fever

5. TRANSMISSION The jungle ( sylvatic ) cycle involves : Reservoir : non-human primates (monkeys ) Vector : forest mosquito ( Haemogogus spegazzinni in South America, Aedes africanus and A.simpsoni in Africa ) Probably when humans are visiting or working in the jungle.

6. In Africa, an intermediate (savannah) cycle: Reservoir : human working in forest Vector : forest mosquito ( Aedes africanus and A.simpsoni in Africa) virus can be transmitted from monkey to human or from human to human via mosquitoes.

7. The urban cycle involves : Reservoir : human Vector : urban mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) Virus brought to the urban setting by a viremic human who was infected in the jungle or savannah.

8. EPIDEMIOLOGY

9. CLINICAL FEATURES Incubation period : 3-6 days Acute Phase headaches muscle aches joint aches a fever flushing a loss of appetite shivers Backaches Acute phase may disappear for up to 24 hours .

10. Toxic Phase A cute phase may disappear for up to 24 hours. decreased urination abdominal pain vomiting (sometimes with blood) heart rhythm problems seizures delirium bleeding from the nose, mouth, and eyes

11. DIAGNOSIS BLOOD TEST SEROLOGY ELISA : detect virus-specific IgM and neutralizing antibodies

12. TREATMENT S ymptomatic . Rest , fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication to reduce fever may relieve symptoms of aching and fever. Avoid certain medications, such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen), which may increase the risk of bleeding.

13. CONTROL Mosquito control Vaccination 17D VACCINE Thermolabile and subcutaneous inoculation Mandatory to travel to endemic areas Valid for 10years beginning 10days after vaccination

14. People who are usually excluded from vaccination : infants aged less than 9 months, except during an epidemic when infants aged 6-9 months, in areas where the risk of infection is high pregnant women – except during a yellow fever outbreak when the risk of infection is high people with severe allergies to egg protein people with severe immunodeficiency due to symptomatic HIV/AIDS or other causes, or who have a thymus disorder.

15. SUMMARY

16. REFERENCES TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY, ANANTHANARAYAN & PANIKER’S, 9 TH EDITION http ://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en / http:// www.healthline.com/health/yellow-fever#Symptoms2