Young_Heart_Attacks_RiskFactors_Module.pptx

young heart how it is diffrent

1. Young Heart Attacks – Risk Factors & Lifestyle Module Tobacco, Alcohol, Sex, Addictions, Obesity, Diet, Stress, Competition, Plaque Progression

2. Tobacco & Premature CAD YOUTH Registry: ~50% young MI patients use tobacco INTERHEART South Asia: smoking = 36% of MI risk in <40y Smokeless tobacco (gutkha, khaini): 7–10% prevalence

3. Tobacco as MI Driver

4. Alcohol & Heart Risk Binge drinking → arrhythmias (Holiday Heart Syndrome) Urban Indian youth: 25–30% males, 10–15% females binge Kerala cohort: heavy alcohol → 2.3× CAD risk

5. Gender Distribution in Young MI 80–95% of young MI cases are male Protective role of estrogen in premenopausal women Female risk rises with smoking, diabetes

6. Other Addictions Cocaine/Amphetamines: potent vasospasm triggers Energy drinks: high caffeine/taurine → arrhythmias Digital addiction → sedentary lifestyle, obesity

7. Urban vs Rural Lifestyle Urban youth: obesity, diabetes, stress Rural youth: tobacco use, limited access to healthcare IT/Finance sector: 3× higher metabolic syndrome prevalence

8. Obesity Type – Indian Phenotype Thin-Fat Indian: high visceral fat even at normal BMI Waist-to-hip ratio better predictor than BMI Punjab: 71.8% overweight/obese among young hypertensives

9. Central vs Peripheral Obesity Risk

10. Dietary Risk in India High refined carbs, fried foods, ghee → ↑ MI risk Low fruit/veg intake → 1.6× higher MI risk Mediterranean/DASH diets protective

11. Stress & Psychosocial Factors INTERHEART: stress = 32% of MI risk in South Asians >50% of Indian IT workers report chronic stress Mechanism: sympathetic overdrive → plaque instability

12. Competitive Environment & Type A Personality Type A traits: hostility, competitiveness, time urgency Associated with 2× CAD risk India: academic/work pressure accelerates disease onset

13. Plaque Progression 1. Endothelial dysfunction 2. Fatty streak (foam cells) 3. Fibrous plaque 4. Plaque rupture/erosion → thrombosis

14. Atherosclerosis Progression

15. Risk Factor Summary Tobacco = strongest driver of premature MI in India Alcohol bingeing → arrhythmias Male predominance but women at rising risk Obesity phenotype, diet, stress add to risk Plaque progression occurs silently in youth