1.History of echocardiography - Copy.pptx

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1. LECTURES ECHOI SAEED AHMAD LECTURER CARDIOLOGY IPMS-KMU

2. History of echocardiography A Franciscan friar, Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), is frequently called the “father of acoustics” because he first measured the velocity of sound Another early physicist, Robert Boyle (1627-1691) recognized that a medium was necessary for the propagation of sound Abbe Lazzaro Spallanzani (1727-1799) is frequently referred to as the “father of ultrasound In 1842 Christian Johann Doppler (1803- 1853) noted that the pitch of a sound wave varied if the source of the sound was moving

3. The ability to create ultrasonic waves came in 1880 with the discovery of piezoelectricity by Curie and Curie In 1912 a British engineer L. F. Richardson suggested that an echo technique could be used to detect underwater objects Sokolov described a method for using reflected sound to detect metal flaws in 1929 In 1942 Floyd Firestone an American engineer began to apply flaws technique and received a patent

4. In 1950, W. D. Keidel , a German investigator used ultrasound to examine the heart Note : The first effort to use pulse-reflected ultrasound as described by Firestone to examine the heart was initiated by Dr. Helmut Hertz of Sweden He was familiar with Firestone's observations and in 1953 obtained a commercial ultrasonoscope, which was being used for nondestructive testing He then collaborated with Dr.Inge Edler, who was a practicing cardiologist in Lund, Sweden

5. The two of them began to use this commercial ultrasonoscope to examine the heart This collaboration is commonly accepted as the beginning of clinical echocardiography as we know it today The only cardiac structures that they could record initially were from the back wall of the heart

6. Ultrasonoscope initially used by Edler and Hertz

7. The principal clinical application of echocardiography developed by Edler was the detection of mitral stenosis Thus 1950s and early 1960s was the intiative of cardiac disorder via echocardiography The work being done in Sweden was duplicated by a group in Germany headed by Dr. Sven Effert Germany also began working with ultrasound cardiography and published their work in 1958 again repeating what Edler and Effert had been doing

8. Edler and his co workers developed a scientific film that was shown at the Third European Congress of Cardiology in Rome in 1960 Edler also wrote a large review of cardiac ultrasound as a supplement to Acta Medica Scandinavica, which was published in 1961 and remained the most comprehensive review of this field for more than 10 years

9. Edler retired in 1976 and until then was primarily concerned with the application of echocardiography for mitral stenosis and to a lesser extent mitral regurgitation China was another country where cardiac ultrasound was used in the early years They began initially with an A-mode ultrasound device and then developed an M-mode recorder

10. In diagnostic  ultrasound  a one-dimensional presentation of a reflected sound wave in which echo amplitude (A) is displayed along the vertical axis and echo delay (depth) along the horizontal  axis The  echo  information  derives from tissue  interfaces  along a single line in the direction  of   t he  sound  beam

11. The investigators duplicated the findings of Edler and Effert with regard to mitral stenosis Unique contributions of the Chinese investigators included fetal echocardiography and contrast echocardiography using hydrogen peroxide and then carbon dioxide

12. In the United States echocardiography was introduced by John J. Wild, H. D. Crawford and John Reid who examined the exercised heart They were able to identify a myocardial infarction and published their findings in 1957 in the American Heart Journal American clinical effort using pulsed reflected ultrasound to examine the heart

13. This initial paper on pericardial effusion was published in JAMA in 1965 by fagien The field of cardiac ultrasound has evolved with the efforts of numerous individuals over the past 50 years This development is an outstanding example of collaboration among physicists engineers and clinicians Edler and Hertz first called this technique ultrasound cardiography with the abbreviation being UCG

14. The word “echocardiography” is inspired from echoencephalography(the study of brain through echo)