electric_scooter_environmental_management_system

study of environmental impact of electrical scooter considering all lifecycle

1. Environmental Management System Ana Pereira | 84501 ; Beatriz Martins | 84504 ; Daniela Escada | 84510 ; Léa de Carvalho | 94978 Electric Scooters

2. Agenda Work Steps and Information Bases Scope & Approach 01 Activities and Sub-Activities Present Service & Life Cycle 02 Potential Improvements + Benchmarking Improvements 03 Strategies and Leverage Proposals; Assess Performance Factorial Proposals 04 Plan and Main Findings Management Plan & Conclusion 05

3. Scope and Approach Allegedly green mean of transportation, but high disturbance of city functioning; Lousy drop offs leads to visual pollution, but high availability in many spots of the urban center; Why? Due to the novelty of this topic there’s a lot of investigation going on and, therefore, data is available, but there are some assumptions that will occur following a realistic path, nevertheless. Uncertainties Electric Scooters (Xiaomi M365) for rental having a lifetime of 100 days Topic: By following all stages (since assembly until the end of life) that an e-scooter goes through Functional Unit: 1 scooter How?

4. Service & Life cycle Purpose: Transport people from point A to point B being available in may spots in the city; Claim : Green Transport because there’s no combustion; Truth: Emissions throughout the life cycle Materials Assembly Transportation Use Stage End of Life Recharge Collection Drop-off Main Activities Sub Activities Legend: Material Flux: Scooter Recharge:

5. Service & Life cycle Purpose: Transport people from point A to point B being available in may spots in the city; Claim : Green Transport because there’s no combustion; Truth: Emissions throughout the life cycle Boundaries defined: Considering the input materials as a black box at first, meaning that emissions comes from the sum of all components and their extraction/ assembly; CO 2eq

6. Service & Life cycle Purpose: Transport people from point A to point B being available in may spots in the city; Claim : Green Transport because there’s no combustion; Truth: Emissions throughout the life cycle Boundaries defined: Recycle of parts from the end of life stage to the beginning of the simulation will not occur over-simplifying the model (linear economy and not circular);

7. Service & Life cycle Purpose: Transport people from point A to point B being available in may spots in the city; Claim : Green Transport because there’s no combustion; Truth: Emissions throughout the life cycle Boundaries defined: This simulation will occur to one e-scooter in its lifetime in Lisbon - one warehouse responsible for the charging of all the city’s scooters which affecting the mean route done by the collecting van.

8. Improvements Impacts service perception and the using stage 01 Resources Consumption 03 Visual Impacts 05 Content Here 04 Battery Lifetime 02 Boat Transportation Impacts assembly, recharge and end of life Impacts the transportation Impacts the lifetime of the scooter , the assembly stage and recharge

9. Improvements Resources Consumed

10. Current Situation Raw Material Used (Kg ) Price (€) Aluminum Alloy (1) 9.83 15.35 Plastic (2) 0.235 0.126 Rubber (3) 1 7.2 Steel (4) 1.4 3.33 Total (1 scooter) 12.465 26.009 Raw Materials Project Phases (Kg ) Price (€) Serviço Prestado (50mm) --- 112.37 Assembly 0.744 449.48 Recharge 200 449.84 End of Life 0.001 449.48 Total (1 scooter) 200.745 1348.8 Water (5)  

11. Improvements Use of Recycled Materials (55%) Raw Material Used Initial Weight (kg) % Recycled Non Recycled Materials(kg) Aluminium Alloy (6) (6) 9.83 55 4.42 Plastic (7) 0.235 85 0.0395 Rubber (8) 1 65 0.35 Steel (9) 1.4 45 0.76 Total (1 scooter) 12.465 55 5,569 Greywater System (recycling of 50% of water)  (10) Phase Initial Water(kg) % Saved Final Water (kg) Assembly 0.744 0.744 Recharge 200 100 100 End of Life 0.001 0.001 Total (1 scooter) 200.745 49.8 100.745 Total 212.465 50% 106.314 Factor 2 44€ 6630,15€

12. Improvements Factor 10 Annual Precipitation => 726mm  (10) Metallic rejects back to molding machine (13) Higher efficiency (80% instead of 50%) (14) Specialize employees => less mistakes (15) More sophisticated  Grey water system Rainwater Harvesting Recycling of produced waste Employee Training Change Design Aiming at increasing the recycling rate (recyclability) of materials and resources in order to limit the extraction of virgin materials (12) (Guide to resource efficiency in manufacturing (2012)

13. Factorial Proposals Nowadays No investment in resources savings Factor 2 Investment of  5655.2€ Factor 10+ High Investment

14. Improvements Boat Capacity & Characteristics

15. Factorial Proposals – Strategies Large loading capacity ships Hydrogen powered ships Transportation by boat CO2-free Efficiency  Rentability Rapidity 2018, Kawasaki Heavy Industries,  Liquefied Hydrogen Supply Chain and Carrier Ship to Realize Hydrogen Economy https://www.worldfreightrates.com/fr/freight Improvement Factor Cost* Usual ship - 1234$ 7500EVP ship 2 1092$ Hydrogen powered ships 10+ no data * for 10 units (scooters), rental contract

16. Factorial Proposals More than 7500EVP ships 10.1g CO2 /tank per kilometer Hydrogen powered ships No carbon emissions Today  Factor 2.1 Factor 10+ Carbon emissions   21.6 g CO2 /tank per kilometer  for average capacity ships in Portugal H 2 Octobre 2012, ADEME,  Information CO2 des prestations de transport 

17. Improvements Visual Pollution

18. Factorial Proposals – Strategies Parking Areas; Pop-Up Garages. Availability in every corner Easy green transportation Prohibition in many cities due to the lousy disposal Accidents in city Improvements to Visual Pollution in the cities:

19. Units spread, buffer of 2 meters due to the path alteration in pedestrians to not hit the E-scooters Parking Areas with 5 meters long (15 scooters) and 2 meters width, also with a buffer of 2 meters Visual Impact Assessment Improvements Present Future

20. Improvements VS Superficial Parking & Recharging It still has a visual impact, but since they are all organized, makes the appealing factor increase; Eliminates one big impact: the collection van, that could only carry 12 scooters at a time since they can be recharged at the spot; Possible improvements in the sources of energy. Pop Up Garages Minimal visual impact – probably 10 cm width of fences on the ground to allow the platform rise; Still no collection van; Possible improvements in the sources of energy.

21. Factorial Proposals Parking Areas 453€ per dock ⇓ 2 267€ for 5 docks Factor 3+ 0€ investment in visual pollution Nowadays Pop-Up Garage 55 348,74€ per garage ⇓ 276 743,7€ for 5 garages Factor 10+

22. In 9 months, it would be possible to compensate the investment made in those 5 garages Factor 10+ In 2/3 days, it would be possible to compensate the investment made in those docks Factor 3+ Assuming that, in Marquês do Pombal square pass 10 000 pedestrians per day Factorial Proposals Using their willingness to pay as possible resources of investments = 10 cents/month

23. Improvements Battery Lifetime

24. Factorial Proposals – Strategies Increase battery lifetime Change the way the scooters are charged Change where the scooters are charged Use a different battery Change charging and charging location Protect from the sun  Reduce CO2 emissions due to lack of transportation   Reduce CO2 emissions by km  

25. Reasons - Lack of caution by users   - Subject to weather conditions - Bad charging process ( charging velocity , incorrect charging cycles ) Battery Capacity: 0,335 kWh Lifetime: 100 days Total Lifetime Distance: 1200 km Total Lifetime Charging Cycles: 100 Why do the electric scooters last only 100 days? Current Situation (How To Maximise  Your  Electric Scooter Battery Life,  2019) (Electric scooter batteries:  Ultimate  Guide,  2019) ( Ebike   charging  for long Battery life , 2016)  ​

26. Current Situation Charging Velocity Charging Process (How to  Prolong  Lithium- based  Batteries, 2019) 

27. Improvements Factor 4 Methods: -Using charging stations -Modify charging process -Charging stations with protection from the sun More 300 days of lifetime (with uncertainties)

28. Improvements Factor 4 Prices Charging stations 2 267€  Shelter 800 € x 5 Developer (1 month) Total

29. Improvements Factor 10 Methods: -Using charging stations -Modify charging process -Charging stations with protection from the sun -Install solar panels -Change to a solid-state battery

30. Improvements Factor 10 Nowadays Factor 4 Improvement Factor 10 Improvement 100 days 400 days 1000 days x 2,5 of capacity (The Best Solution for  Making  Batteries  Safer   Might be  the Most  Boring  One , 2019)

31. Factorial Proposals Use of charging stations, change charging process, protect from sun Factor 4 Batteries with a lifetime of 100 days Nowadays Apply all changes as factor 4 but use a solid-state battery Factor 10

32. Formalize the company's goals;  Set the framework to follow; Enhance the environmental policy in the company; Investments plan; Achieve a continual improvement. Why is it important? Management Plan

33. Management Plan Activities Env. Aspect Legal Requirements Objectives Resources Consumption Resources Water Assembly materials ⤬ ⤬ Reduction High High Moderate Transportation by boat Carbon emissions √ Reduction Removal Moderate High Physical Presence Visual Impact ⤬ Reduction Low/High Recharge Battery lifetime Emissions ⤬ √ Increase Reduction Moderate/High High

34. Management Plan 2030+ Investments: Solid-state battery; Hydrogen boat. 2021 Investments: Shelter; Change charging process. 2030 Investments: Pop-Up garages; Eco-design thinking . 2025 Investments: Install solar panels; Install greywater system. Parking Spots; Usage of recycled materials; Increase boat capacity. 2020 Investments:

35. Conclusions Time & Technology Emissions Framework Feasibility vs Money vs Priorities Change in Mentalities necessary

36. Thank You

37. References (1) -  https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=aluminum&months=60&currency=eur  ( acedido a 8/12/2019) (2) -  https://www.made-in-china.com/price/virgin-polypropylene-price.html ( acedido a 8/12/2019) (3) - https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/recycled+rubber+tires+for+scooter.html?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=recycled+rubber+tires+for+scooter&isGalleryList=G (acedido a 8/12/2019) (4) -  https://www.scrapmetalsydney.com/scrap-metal-prices/(acedido a 8/12/2019) (5) -  https://www.epal.pt/EPAL/menu/clientes/tarif%C3%A1rio(acedido a 8/12/2019) (6)  - https://www.scrapmetalsydney.com/scrap-metal-prices/(acedido a 8/12/2019) (7) - https://www.recycleinme.com/selloffers/plastic__polypropylene(acedido a 10/12/2019) (8) - https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/recycled+rubber+tires+for+scooter.html?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=recycled+rubber+tires+for+scooter&isGalleryList=G(acedido a 10/12/2019) (9) - http://www.scrapregister.com/scrap-prices/china/9 ( acedido a 10/12/2019) (10) -  https://www.aquaco.co.uk/grey-water-recycling/(acedido a 10/12/2019) (11) - https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/reducing-environmental-impact/water-use/sustainable-water-use-in-our-manufacturing-operations/  ( acedido  a 5/12/19) (12) - https://chemicalleasing.org/sites/default/files/17_6_Brochure-Sustainable_industry-Growth-Resource_efficiency-15072011.pdf  ( acedido  a 10/12/2019) (13) -  https://www.scientificamerican.com/custom-media/scjohnson-transparent-by-design/zerowastefactory/ ( acedido a 9/12/2019) (14) - https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/giz_grey_water_recycling_and_reuse_2011.pdf ( acedido  a 4/12/2019) (15) - https://www.greenovate-europe.eu/sites/default/files/publications/REMake_Greenovate%21Europe%20-%20Guide%20to%20resource%20efficient%20manufacturing%20%282012%29.pdf  (  acedido  a 10/12/2019) https://gasskonferansen.com/images/foredrag/2018/A%CC%8A%20bygge%20hydrogen%C3%B8konomi%20som%20forsyningskjede%20for%20flytende%20hydrogen%20Katsuya%20Morimoto.pdf ​

38. References How To Maximise Your Electric Scooter Battery Life (2019) Pure Scooters, viewed 5 december 2019, <https://www.purescooters.com/blogs/news/how-to-maximise-your-electric-scooter-battery-life-1> Electric scooter batteries: Ultimate Guide (2019) Electric Scooter Guide, viewed 5 decembre 2019, <https://electric-scooter.guide/guides/electric-scooter-batteries/> Hicks, E. (2016) Ebike charging for long Battery life , Electric Bike, viewed 5 december 2019, <https://www.electricbike.com/ebike-battery-longevity/> How to Prolong Lithium- based Batteries (2019) Battery Univeristy , viewed 5 december 2019, <https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/how_to_prolong_lithium_based_batteries> Chen, A. (2019)   The Best Solution for Making Batteries Safer Might be the Most Boring One , The Verge, viewed 5 december 2019, <https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17675376/battery-safety-lithium-ion-solid-state-electrolyte-analysis> Bus Shelter Prices (2019) Bus Shelter Prices  https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/bus-shelters-prices.html

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