00_Organic farming_1_Brief_History_Govt_Initiatives_NPOP.pptx

This is very useful presentation for Agriculture competitive exams

1. Dr Dinesh Kumar Principal Scientist, Division of Agronomy ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi [email protected] Organic farming : A brief history

2. Adoption of Modern/Chemical / Industrial farming First/Post-first Industrial Revolution Period- In West/ Developed world 1760 -1840 Green and post-green revolution period – India 1960s Before such revolutions the most of the food was by organic methods Technological developments: Textiles, steam power, iron making, invention of machine/ tools, Glass making, Gas lighting, Cement making, paper machine, mineral mining. Agriculture – Use of machines- tillage, harvesting, spraying, transport increased; Chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers introduced The Iron Bridge, Shropshire , England, the world's 1 st bridge made of iron-1781. A Watt steam engine.

3. Jethro Tull : invented a horse drawn hoe and a seed drill with tynes to sow the row crops. By middle of the 19th century manufacture of SSP started in England. The first tractor (internal combustion engine): USA in 1910. Haber and Bosch (1910): ammonia synthesis - nitrogen fertilizers. DDT in 1939 by P. Muller in Switzerland. The discovery of BHC in France. Nitrophenols were the first group of selective herbicides developed in 1933 and were followed by the development of 2,4-D and MCPA in 1940’s . …Adoption of Modern/Chemical / Industrial farming

4. 1840 - Justus von Liebig develops a theory on mineral plant nutrition Justus von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) developed theory on mineral plant nutrition. He believed that mineral salts were the only nutrients plants needed and they could completely replace manure . He is known for the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.

5. ‘Farmers of Forty Centuries , or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan (1911). Travelogue and descriptions of observations of farming systems during his travels in China, Korea, and Japan in the early 1900s. F.H. King (USA) 1911

6. Rudolf Steiner (Germany) Disciples compiled his eight lectures (1924). Founder of “anthroposophy” and Father of biodynamic agriculture . In 1928, Demeter , the organization formed around Steiner's teachings, creating the set of standards to define sustainable agriculture practices. Anthroposophy   ( anthropo - human,   Sophia- wisdom). He defined it as "a scientific exploration of the spiritual world“.

7. …..Rudolf Steiner (Germany) Biodynamic agriculture: form of alternative agriculture akin to OF, based on pseudo-scientific & esoteric concepts of Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). ( esoteric: very  unusual and understood or liked by only a small number of people)   1924 -First of the organic agriculture movements.  Treats soil fertility, plant growth, & livestock care as ecologically  interrelated tasks , emphasizing spiritual  & mystical  perspectives . It emphasizes the use of manures and composts and excludes the use of synthetic (artificial) fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides on soil and plants.

8. …..Rudolf Steiner (Germany) Emphasis from its beginnings on local production and distribution systems, its use of traditional and development of new local breeds and varieties. Some methods use an astrological sowing and planting calendar. Uses herbal & mineral additives for compost additives and field sprays; such as, burying ground quartz stuffed into the horn of a cow, which are said to harvest "cosmic forces in the soil ". Biodynamic agriculture is a pseudoscience as it lacks scientific evidence for its efficacy.

9. 1939 - First use of the term "organic farming" by Lord Northbourne (USA). Book “Look to the Land” (1940). ‘the farm itself must have a biological completeness; it must be a living entity; it must be a unit which has within itself a balanced organic life’. 1940

10. Lady Eve Balfour (United Kingdom) Book ‘The Living Soil’ (1943). Spreading the organic philosophy globally. Book inspired the founding of the Soil Association in Britain in 1946. Close relationship bet. soil fertility & human health, & decline in soil humus & fertility results in decline in human health.

11. 1947 - Doctors & consumers blame agricultural chemicals for causing the development of cancer and mental disorders. In France, there was the introduction of the principles of organic farming because doctors and consumers blamed agricultural chemicals for causing the development of cancer and mental disorders.

12. J.I. Rodale (USA) Started a magazine ‘Organic Farming and Gardening’ (1942 ). Author / publisher - demonstrated OF and gardening techniques on his research farm. Founder of the Rodale Press , he popularized the concept in the USA. The Healthy Hunzas , 1948, Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 255 p. In 1947, Rodale established the Soil and Health Foundation, which is now called as ‘The Rodale Institute’.

13. Masanobu Fukuoka (Japan) Japanese farmer and philosopher The One-Straw Revolution : An Introduction to Natural Farming (Published in 1975, translated in 1978) The Natural Way of Farming - The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy (Published in 1975; translated in 1985). No-till, no-herbicide grain production techniques , called as "natural farming" or "do-nothing farming.

14. Rachel Carson (USA) Marine biologist, author, and conservationist Book: Silent Spring (1962). She opened the world’s eyes to the damage pesticides were doing to global environment. She blamed the industries of chemicals for spreading the incomplete information, and Government people accepting diktats of the industry.

15. Hans Müller and Marie Müller (Switzerland) They were proponents of ‘organic-biological agriculture’ . Worked through 1950s They worked closely with Hans Peter Rusch to develop a natural and sustainable approach to farming ( organic-biological agricultur e).

16. Hans Peter Rusch (Germany) 2 books in German: ‘Die Naturwissenschaft von morgen’ (1955) and ‘ Bodenfruchtbarkeit – Eine Studie biologischen Denkens ’ (1968). He gave the concept of nature as a cycle of ‘living particles’ built the theoretical background of ‘organic-biological agriculture ’.

17. IFOAM - International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements Initially established at Versailles (France) in 1972. Now headquartered at Bonn, Germany . Provides authoritative information about OA, promote worldwide and exchange knowledge. https://www.ifoam.bio/

18. Meadows et al . (Club of Rome, Italy; now in Switzerland) Published the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ (1972 ). Issue of growth of human population & global economy; Asked questions: what will happen if growth in the world’s population continues unchecked? What will be the environmental consequences if economic growth continues at its current pace? 1972

19. E.F. Schumacher (Germany) Authored the book ‘Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered’ (1973 ). Wrote many radical ideas in the above book, including the concept of sacrificing economic growth for a more fulfilling working life and making quality of life the central goal of economics. 1973

20. 1970s - "Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food” Worldwide –USA, Canada, Australia, Europe Encourage consumption of locally grown food. There is the promotion of this concept with slogans such as "Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food”.

21. 1980s - Groups pressure for government regulation of organic production - worldwide Throughout the world various farming and consumer groups seriously begin to pressure for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. Currently , most aspects of organic food production are government-regulated in major countries.

22. 1989 - Cuba institutes urban food production called organopónicos . There was the collapse of the Soviet Union, causing a loss of economic support, resulted in a unique situation to develop in Havana, Cuba – organic food production a necessity.

23. 1990s - Retail market for organic farming is growing The retail market for organic farming in developed economies is growing by about by about 20% annually due to increasing demand by consumers. Drivers -quality and safety of food, and the potential for environmental damage from conventional agriculture.

24. 1991 - European Union provides a legal framework 2002 - United States adopts the National Organic Program The United States of America adopted the National Organic Program (NOP), provided a development framework for organic agriculture. Further developments

25. 1905 to 1924 - Organic agriculture begins in Central Europe & India simultaneously Sir Albert Howard- father of modern OA, worked at Pusa , Bengal. Documented traditional Indian farming practices, and came to regard them as superior to Conventional Agriculture. History in India (Howard)

26. First book to include "organic" agriculture in its title. 1943- Sir Albert Howard “An Agricultural Testament” 1947 book "The Soil and Health, A Study of Organic Agriculture" is the first book to include "organic agriculture” in its title.

27. 1947

28. Agricultural research station, Indore - aerobic composting technique (Indore Process) (Howard, 1933, 1935). North American, as well as British, organic farming was fundamentally influenced by Howard. By reintegrating the different agricultural research disciplines, he concluded that the health of soil, plants, animals and humans are interrelated. A humus-rich soil is the key for successful (organic) farming. ……..History in India

29. The Institute of Nutrition , was founded in 1918 by Sir Robert McCarrison . Originally a single room laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, Coonoor , Tamil Nadu for the study of Beriberi, and was called the Beri-Beri Enquiry Unit. The facility moved to Hyderabad in 1958 and in 1969 was renamed the National Institute of Nutrition. ……..History in India

30. Robert McCarrison -Nutrition Research Laboratories in Coonoor , ( Nilgiris dist.), - relationships among soil fertility, food quality and human nutrition. McCarrison - decreased food quality due to increased use of mineral N fertilizers ( McCarrison and Viswanath , 1926; McCarrison , 1936). Studying the health and physique of the Hunza tribesmen. ……..History in India

31. Sir Robert McCarrison ……..History in India

32. ……..History in India Sir Robert McCarrison

33. History in India – Hunza people Indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the Karakorum Mountains of northern Pakistan, i.e.  in the  Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The Hunza is situated north/west of the  Hunza River. ……..History in India

34. ….. Hunza people Indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the Karakorum Mountains of northern Pakistan, i.e.  in the  Gilgit -Baltistan region of Pakistan. The Hunza is situated north/west of the  Hunza River. Healthy living advocate J. I. Rodale ( The Healthy Hunzas  in 1955) - Hunzas , noted for their longevity - healthy organic foods & plenty of fresh air. Hunza valley ……..History in India

35. ……..History in India ……..History in India

36. https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F6d%2Fcd%2Fc3%2F6dcdc32ca7228c91bd86087f0e81f91e.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F176203404157229012%2F&docid=bbUizDqQQ3Q3nM&tbnid=EP5Shz0rtGTKNM%3A&vet=1&w=1080&h=1080&itg=1&safe=strict&bih=966&biw=1920&ved=2ahUKEwi0tfHZyNnpAhVM7HMBHbX-BoEQxiAoCnoECAEQNQ&iact=c&ictx=1 ……..History in India

37. Initiatives taken by the Govt. of India ……..History in India

38. Initiatives taken by the Government of India ……..History in India

39. Government Schemes for Organic Farming ……..History in India

40. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) A sub-component of Soil Health Management (SHM) scheme under National Mission of Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA). Aims at development of sustainable models of organic farming through a mix of traditional wisdom and modern science to ensure long term soil fertility buildup, resource conservation and climate change adaptation & mitigation. Aims at empowering farmers through institutional development through clusters approach. PGS-India programme will be the key approach for quality assurances under the PKVY.  ……..History in India

41. Groups of farmers would be motivated to take up organic farming under the scheme. 50 or more farmers will form a cluster ( 50 acre ) to take up organic farming. There will be no liability on the farmers for expenditure on certification. Every farmer will be provided Rs . 20,000 per acre in three years. Organic farming will be promoted by using traditional resources and the organic products will be linked with the market. For more information, browse: https://darpg.gov.in/ ……..History in India …. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

42. The government is promoting natural farming through the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) introduced during 2020-21 as a sub-scheme of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) for the promotion of traditional and indigenous practices, including natural farming . 05th February 2022 https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/feb/05/natural-farming-to-become-a-part-of-agriculture-education-curriculum-soon-heres-why-27263.html Natural Farming

43. T he government is also implementing dedicated organic farming schemes of: ( i ) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and (ii) Mission Organic Value Chain Development in the North-East Region ( MOVCDNER ) since 2015-16. An amount of Rs 650 crore has been approved for the promotion of organic farming for the years 2021-22. Natural Farming

44. 18 January 2016 75000 ha ……..History in India

45. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/15/back-to-basics-uttarakhand-to-criminalize-usage-of-chemical-fertilisers-2061831.html ……..History in India

46. Education in Organic Farming: ICAR endorses MSc degree in Organic farming

47. "The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) has constituted a committee for developing syllabus and curricula of natural farming at under-graduate and post graduate level,"  In December 2021 , an eight-member committee, headed by Praveen Rao , vice-chancellor of Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University ( PJTSAU ), was constituted to incorporate the components of natural farming into the curriculum. 05th February 2022 https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/feb/05/natural-farming-to-become-a-part-of-agriculture-education-curriculum-soon-heres-why-27263.html ….Education in Organic Farming

48. "The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) has constituted a committee for developing syllabus and curricula of natural farming at under-graduate and post graduate level,"  In December 2021 , an eight-member committee, headed by Praveen Rao , vice-chancellor of Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University ( PJTSAU ), was constituted to incorporate the components of natural farming into the curriculum. 05th February 2022 https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/feb/05/natural-farming-to-become-a-part-of-agriculture-education-curriculum-soon-heres-why-27263.html ….Education in Organic Farming

49. ….Education in Organic Farming 2018

50. ….Education in Organic Farming ICAR-IARI, New Delhi to start the PG Diploma in Organic Farming since July 2022

51. Educational opportunities Times of India; June 1, 2017

52. Agencies

53. Agencies

54. July 2015 ……..History in India

55. ……..History in India APEDA: https://apeda.gov.in/

56. ……..History in India ….APEDA TraceNet  is an internet based electronic service offered by APEDA to the stakeholders for facilitating process certification for export of organic products from India which comply with the NPOP or NOP standards.  TraceNet  collects, stores and reports - forward and backward traces and quality assurance data entered by the operators / producer groups and certification bodies within the organic supply chain in India.

57. …TRACENET World’s first on-line full Traceability tool Traceability is a continuous system of documentation to trace back the entire value chain till the last end (farmer) In case if problem is detected in product it helps in pin pointing the source and location of problem Entire NPOP operation data is on-line Tracenet Entire operation can be monitored on real time basis Provides full traceability Immediate access to entire operational data and report generation Encourage operators to follow strict timelines in operations and documentations ….APEDA

58. ……..History in India ….APEDA https://apeda.gov.in/

59. http://ncof.dacnet.nic.in/ 2004 ……..History in India

60. http://ncof.dacnet.nic.in/ ……..History in India 2022

61. National Centre of Organic and Natural Farming , Ghaziabad Regional Centres of Organic Farming: 9 S.No . Centre Jurisdiction area   1. Bangalore Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry   2. Bhubaneswar Odisha, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar   3. Gandhinagar   Gujarat, Goa, Lakshdweep , Daman & Diu, Dadar & Nagar Haveli   4. Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand , Rajasthan   5. Imphal   Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim   6. Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh   7. Nagpur   Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh & TS, Daman & Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli   8. Panchkula Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, J & K   9. Patna Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern UP ……..History in India

62. Thanks