01 Regional Planning Presentation ITPI_C2.2.pdf

REGIONAL PLANNING

1. C.2.2:
Regional Planning and Development
Anjali Pancholy
Associate Town & Country Planner, TCPO
For Institute of Town Planners, India

2. What is Regional Planning
▪The meaning is closely linked to National Development Planning.
▪In this context, it is sometimes referred to as Regional Development
Planning.
▪Regional Development Planning is undertaken to achieve the goals of
national development.
▪It is spatial planning unlike National Development Planning, which is
economic planning.
▪“Regional Planning should be viewed as a means to strengthen the national
economy. It is a technique to evaluate the potential of sub-national areas
and to develop them to the best advantage of the national as a whole”.

3. Is regional planning the same as urban
planning for a large area?
Goals? Tools?
Origin and
theories

4. Goals of Development
Economic
Growth
Redistribution
Structural
Change
Environmental
Sustainability

5. Goals of Regional Planning
Economic
Growth
Income
Employment
Improved
internal
organization
and
administrative
form
Improving
parameters of
social
development
(literacy,
health, etc.)Evolution of
Improved
Settlement
Pattern
Balanced
Development
Environmental
objectives

6. What is a Region
An area delineated on the basis of a defined criteria
Definitions of region vary from place to place and author to author and
purpose to purpose –no set definition or typology
Basics:
▪It is a spatial unit
▪There is some unifying criteria
Conceptual issues
▪Region as a mental construct
▪Region as a physical entity

7. Types of Regions
Formal
Region
The criteria used to define or delineate is uniformly
present all over the region
ie–HOMOGENOUS REGION
Normally the criteria is STATIC
Functional
Region
The criteria used to define the region is in the form of a
flow or relationship, linking all parts of the region to a
centreor core
Ie–NODAL REGION
Normally flows are DYNAMIC
Others
Planning Regions
Ad hoc regions

8. Typology of Regions
Regions
Formal
Single Feature
Multiple Feature
Compage
Functional
Metropolitan
Axial
Ad-hoc
Transitional Zones
Depressed Areas
River Valleys, etc.

9. Identifying
the need
for regional
planning of
a particular
sub-
national
spatial unit
(region)
Demarcatio
n of the
region
(Delineatio
n exercise)
Defining
aim and
objectives
of the
planning
exercise
Plan
formulation
Plan
implement
-ation
within the
framework
of National
and federal
structure
Monitoring
and review
What is involved in Regional Planning

10. Region Delineation
▪Regional delineation is an initial step in the preparation of any regional
planning exercise
▪Delineation of a definite physical boundary of the region through
empirical/ theoretical exercises is a complicated exercise
Delineation of formal regions
involves the grouping together of
spatial units which have similar
characteristics according to the
selected/ defined criteria, which
differ significantly from the units
outside the region on the basis of
the chosen criteria. This can be
done statistically using:
▪Weighted index number
methods
▪Factor analysis
Delineation of Functional
Regions
Two basic approaches:
▪Flow analysis –based on actual
observations of flows that
actually take place
▪Gravitational analysis –based on
theoretical observations of what
flows might happen.

11. •Geographical-cultural regions
•Cultural ethnocentricism
•River basin planning
•Community development ( ref: block planning)
Theoretical Basis
▪Although Regional Planning is a relatively new discipline, its roots go back
to the nineteenth century.
▪Multi-disciplinary theoretical basis
▪4 distinct sets of theories
•Von Thunen
•Christaller, Losch
•Growth Pole Theory
Location
theories
•Physical planning extended to the countryside
Geographic
theories
•Spatial price theory
•Transport cost and location
•Location of firm
•Regional business cycles
Town Planning
theories
Economic
theories

12. Core-Periphery Concept
▪The concept draws from several interlinked works
▪John Friedmann(1966) developed the core-periphery model studying
differencesbetweenregionsandthedevelopmentpolicyofVenezuela.
▪Heidentifiedfourstagesofdevelopment in economic space.
▪Similar views were expressed by other scholars
▪Wallerstein'sWorld Systems Theory, according to which the whole world is one
system in which the (so-called) the developed industrialized nations comprise the
core and the underdeveloped and developing world, consisting
of most nations in Asia, Africa and South
America comprise the periphery and semi-
periphery.
The core focuses on high skilled capital intensive
jobs and industries, while the semi-periphery
and periphery focus on more low skilled labour
intensive industries and jobs, implying an
exploitative relationship between the core and
periphery.
SEMI-
PERIPHERY
CORE PERIPHERY

13. 1Thepre-industrial(agricultural)society
withlocalisedeconomies,inwhichsettlement
structureconsistingofsmallunitsremains
dispersedandwhoseeconomicsubjects
(populationandmerchandise)havelowmobility
2Transitional
Theconcentrationoftheeconomyfromperiphery
tothecorebeginsasaresultofcapital
accumulationandindustrialgrowth.The
interregionalmobilityoflabourandintensityof
traderisesenormously.However,thelabourforce
dailyspaceremainslocal,asthepersonalmobility
ofpeopleremainslimited.Theperipheryistotally
subordinated to the centre
ofpoliticalandeconomicdominance.Theindustri
esproducingthehighestextra-valuearelocatedin
thecore.
3Industrial
Economicgrowthspreadsacrossthecountryand
causesothergrowthcentrestoappear.Themain
reasonsfordeconcentrationarethelackoflabour
forceandrocketingpricesinthecorearea.
Furthermore,thedeconcentrationofeconomic
unitsandpopulationtakesplacewithinthe
metropolitanareas:intensityofpeople’spersonal
dailymobilityanddistancesbetweenworkplace
andhomeincrease.However,thegrowthofthe
metropolitanregionproceedsandtheremote
peripherycontinuestodecline
4Post-Industrial
Thespatialintegrationoftheeconomyand
achievementofequilibrium.Friedmannbelieved
thattheallocationofeconomicactivitiesshould
attainoptimumbalanceandstability.Asfaras
differentareasspecialiseincertainfunctions,
therewillbedivisionoflabourbetweenregions.
Anintegratedmodelforeseesacyclicalmovement
ofthepopulationcausedmostlybyage:theyouth
studyinbigcities,familiessettleinsuburbs,
elderlypeoplelookforcheapandpeacefulrural
environment.

14. Adapted version of Friedmann’s4 stages

15. Characteristics of Core & Periphery
Core Periphery
▪High foreign direct investment (FDI)
▪High employment and high wages
▪High levels of communications and
technology e.g. internet and mobile
network
▪High literacy and skills rates
▪Net migration gain
▪Larger secondary and tertiary economy
▪Good electricity, water and gas
supplies
▪Good quality housing
▪Wide variety of entertainment e.g.
cinemas, museums, etc.
▪Cultural diversity (sport, music,
religion, language, food, dress, etc.)
▪Large racial mix
▪Disinvestment
▪Net migration loss
▪Unemployment
▪Low levels of literacy and small skills
base
▪Large primary sector economy -maybe
a large number of subsistence farmers
▪Water and electricity shortages -
possible reliance on fuelwood
▪Poor levels of communications
▪poor housing -often informal
settlements
▪Traditional lifestyle/culture (lack of
cultural mix)
▪Little international cultural or sporting
facilities

16. Growth Pole Theory
▪ThegrowthpoletheorywasdevelopedbyFrenchregionaleconomist,
FrancoisPerroux,in1955
▪Explainsthephenomenonofeconomicdevelopmentwiththeprocessof
structuralchange.
▪Boudevillegavearegionalcharacterandaspecificgeographiccontentto
Perroux’sconceptionanddefinedaregionalgrowthpoleasa“setof
expandingindustrieslocatedinanurbanareaandincludingfurther
developmentofeconomicactivitythroughoutitszoneofinfluence.”
▪Theplacewherethese‘expanding’or‘propulsive’or‘dominant’industries
arelocatedintheregionbecomesthepoleoftheregionand
agglomerationtendenciesarepromoted.
▪ThistheorywasusedinFranceandotherregionsincludingIndiawhere
Governmentsattemptedtoachievebalancedregionaldevelopmentby
promotinggrowthinbackwardregions.
▪Successwaslimitedduetofactorslikeunderestimationofthecritical
amountofinitialinvestmenttocreatenewgrowthcenters,insufficient
analysisofgrowthcenterrequirementsandunavailabilityofalldata
trends.

17. ▪Perroux’stheory is based on inter-industry linkages and industrial interdependence.
According to this theory, “Growth does not appear everywhere and all at once, it appears in
points or development poles, with variable intensities, it spreads along diverse channels and
with varying terminal effects to the whole of the economy”. It is related to Perroux’sidea of
an economic space as a field of forces consisting of centres, “from which centrifugal forces
emanate and to which centripetal forces are attracted. Each centre, being a centre of
attraction and repulsion, has its proper field which is set in the field of other centres.”
Boudevillegave a regional character and a specific geographic content to Perroux’s
conception. Boudevilledefined a regional growth pole as a “set of expanding industries
located in an urban area and including further development of economic activity throughout
its zone of influence.” The place where these ‘expanding’ or ‘propulsive’ or ‘dominant’
industries are located in the region becomes the pole of the region and agglomeration
tendencies are promoted.
▪A leading propulsive industry has highly advanced level of technology and managerial
expertise, high income elasticity of demand for its products, marked local multiplier effects
and strong inter-industry linkages with other sectors. There are two types of linkage—
forward linkage and backward linkage. In backward linkage, an industry encourages
investment in the earlier stages of production by expanding its demand for inputs. In case of
a forward linkage, an industry encourages investment in the subsequent stages of production
either by transmitting innovation or effects of innovations forward. As a result of innovations,
costs of production in the industry decline. It results in a fall in the price of its output. In this
condition, the demand for this industry’s output by those industries which use its output as

18. ▪Growth poles theory thus documents the contribution of polarization to the
development of poles as well as peripheries and this theory identifies 4 basic types
of polarization:
▪Technological and technical:based on the concentration of new technology in the
growth pole,
▪Income:the growth pole contributes to the concentration and the growth of
income due to expansion of services and dependence on demand and profit,
▪Psychological: based on the optimistic anticipation of future demand in the
propelled region,
▪Geographical:based on the concentration of economic activity in a geographically
determined space.
This theory reached the height of its popularity in the 1950s and 1960s as it was used
in regional politics of many countries (e.g. France and Italy). The propulsive industries
included automotive industry, steel and chemistry with the location of new
manufacturing facilities being directed to the developing regions (e.g. the south of
Italy) to start the development of these problematic regions.

19. ▪The results, however, fell behind expectations with the reasons for this failure
being:
▪Failing to differentiate between natural and artificial growth pole or between a
spontaneously created center and an attempt to affect the center from the
outside,
▪Implementation of the concept in very different contexts -these being (a)
neglected regions, (b) cities to moderate the process of suburbanization as well as
(c) achieving the modification of urban structure,
▪Underestimation of the critical amount of initial investment to create new growth
center,
▪An insufficient analysis of the newly founded facility of the propulsive industry
▪There have been instances of economic growth where the presence of growth
poles has not been essential. Switzerland is a country where tourism is not
concentrated in poles but spread all over the country and Denmark is a place
whose prosperity was not initiated and maintained due to a large propulsive
company. These observations do not object to the theory as a whole but mean to
show the possibility of exceptions.

20. ▪In spite of certain drawbacks the theory of growth poles makes several contributions:
▪Uncovers inequalities in the economy of a country (region) and focuses attention to the propulsive
and propelled units,
▪Offers a dynamic image of the economy in the country (region) which is based on a general
tendency of spatial focus of manufacturing facilities at an interregional level,
▪Basis for careful decentralization by supporting the creation of new development poles (focused
decentralization or decentralized focus).
▪Regional implications of the growth poles theory was proposed by a French economist Jacques
Boudevillewho called his modified theory the theory of growth centers and growth axis.
Boudeville´sconcept of principal cities system was utilized in practice, for instance, in the spatial
planning of France with the following result :
▪3 homogeneous regions (Paris, East and West),
▪8 polarized regions with centers (poles) with each being called "compensatory metropolis",
▪21 planning counties for which plans were prepared to locate investments.
▪The primary purpose of this principal cities system was to focus investments in the 8 regional
(compensatory) metropolis with the main objective of decreasing regional inequalities between
fast-growing Paris and other, slower-growing regions.
▪

21. Related Terms
▪Dependency Theory
▪Dominance
▪Hinterland
▪Spread and backwash
▪Vicious cycle

22. Christaller’sCentral Place Theory
▪WaltherChristallerinhiswork“CentralPlacesinSouthernGermany”1933
▪Itisanormativeeconomictheory,usesconceptsofdemandandsupplyto
explaintheemergenceofasettlementpattern,itsnumbers,sizeandspacing
▪Christallermade a number of assumptions:
–an isotropic surface (an unbounded uniform plain)
–an evenly distributed population
–evenly distributed resources
–similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest
market –rational economic behavior –the supplier is a profit maximiserand the
consumer is a distance minimiser
–transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance
–no excess profits (perfect competition)

23. Threshold and Range
▪Thresholdofagoodistheminimumdemandwhich
isrequiredtosupporttheproducer
▪Rangeofagoodisthemaximumdistancethata
consumeriswillingtotraveltoobtainagoodor
service
▪Usingthesetwoconcepts,itemergesthatagoodor
servicewillbeofferedatacentralplacewherethe
thresholdisoffsetbytherangeofthegood,whichis
surroundedbyitscircularcatchmentareaorsphere
ofinfluenceorhinterland
▪Christallerhypothesizedthatgoodsandservices
havedifferentthresholdsandranges,basedon
whichhecategorizedthemaslowerorder,middle
orderandhigherorder
Threshold
Range

24. Hexagonal Shape
▪Astransportisequallyeasyinalldirection,eachcentralplacewill
haveacircularmarketarea.
▪However,circularshapeofthemarketareasresultsineitherun-
servedareasorover-servedareas.
▪Tosolvethisproblem,Christallersuggestedthehexagonalshapeof
themarkets.
▪Withinagivenareatherewillbefewerhighordercitiesandtowns
inrelationtothelowerordervillagesandhamlets.Foranygiven
order,theoreticallythesettlementswillbeequidistantfromeach
other.Thehigherordersettlementswillbefurtherapartthanthe
lowerorderones.
▪Thedifferentordersofsettlementsarrangethemselvesina
hierarchy.Generallyspeakingloweristheorder,largeristhe
numberofsettlementsandhighertheorder,greateristhearea
served(sphereofinfluence)asperthethreeprinciplesproposed:

25. Basic Concepts of CPT
▪Giventheabove,hepostulatedthataspatialsystemofcentralplaces
emerges.Thehigherordercentralplacesofferallthelowerordergoods
(andservices)also.
▪Centralitymeasuresthenumberandordersofgoodsandservicesoffered
byacentralplace.
▪Eachcentralplaceservesacircularhinterland,however,sincecircles
eitheroverlaporleaveoutinterveningareas,thereforepostulated
Christallerhexagonalmarketareas.

26. Marketing Principle
▪This particular of centresis the minimum number of service points that
can be packed onto the isotropicplain
▪Yet it ensures that the marketing/ supply of all orders of goods and
services is as near as possible to the dependant demand
▪Hence Christallerclaimed that this system was organisedby the marketing
principle
▪ThemarketingprincipleK=3
▪Themarketofahigher-order
place(node)serves1/3ofthe
marketareaofeachofthe
consecutivelowerordercentre
▪Thelowerordercentres(6in
numbers)arelocatedatthe
cornersofhexagonaroundthe
high-ordercentres.

27. Traffic Principle
▪Christallerarguedthatfactorsotherthanthemarketingprinciplemayalso
beimportantindeterminingthedistributionoftheservicecentres
▪Twoofthesearethetrafficprincipleandtheadministrativeprinciple
▪Thetrafficprinciplecreatesalandscapewhichcontainsthemaximum
numberofcentralplacesonlineartrafficroutesbetweentwomajortowns
▪Accordingtothetrafficprinciple,themaximumnumberofcentralplaces
wouldbelineduponstraighttrafficrouteswhichfanoutfromthecentral
point.
▪WhenCentralplacesarearrangedaccordingtothetrafficprinciple,the
lowerordercentresarelocatedatthemidpointofeachsideofthehexagon
ratherthanatthecorner.
▪Thetrafficprincipleproducesahierarchyorganizedinak=4arrangementin
whichcentralplacesarenestedaccordingtotheruleoffour.

28. Administrative Principle
▪Theadministrativeprinciplecreatesa
landscapeinwhicheachhigherorder
centredominatessixlowerordercentres
▪Ifweincludethehigherordercentre
itself,eachcentrecanbesaidto
dominate7centresofthenextlower
order.
▪Thusthetransportprincipleproducesa
hierarchyorganizedinak=7
arrangementinwhichcentralplacesare
nestedaccordingtotheruleofseven.

29. Review of Central Place Theory
MODELS ARE NOT REAL, BUT THEY HELP US UNDERSTAND REALITY…
▪The pattern of cities predicted by Central Place Theory may not hold
▪Isotropic surfaces do not exist in reality and failure to meet initial assumptions
▪Large areas of flat land rarely exist
▪Production costs may vary not only because of economies of scale but also by natural
resource endowments.
▪Transportation costs are not equal in all directions
▪Rural markets (initially households) are not evenly distributed
▪Non economic factors (culture, politics, leadership) may be important but not evenly
distributed
▪Competitive practices may lead to distortion of the perfectly shaped market areas
▪There are many forms of transportation-cost cannot be proportional to distance
▪People and wealth are not evenly distributed
▪People do not always to the nearest place and purchasing power differs
▪Perfect competition is unreal-some make more money than others
▪Shopping habits have changed
▪The Theory gives a static picture of central place, orders of goods and market areas
▪The theory does a reasonably good job of describing the spatial pattern of urbanization
▪It explains why there is a hierarchy of urban centres
▪Central place theory does a good job of describing principles affecting the location of
trade and service activity, consumer market oriented manufacturing

30. 73
rd
/ 74
th
CAA
▪73
rd
Amendment –PanchayatiRaj Act
▪74
th
Amendment –NagarpalikaAct
▪Enacted in 1992, a third tier was added to the country’s federal polity thus
bringing democratic decentralisation(devolution)
▪The provisions contained in Article 243 and its sections and two new
schedules –11 and 12 Schedulesinserted into the Constitution.
▪Statutory (constitutional) status to urban and rural local level elected bodies
▪Transfer of functions to local level –urban planning including town planning
and economic and social planning is amongst the list of functions to be
discharged at local level by elected representatives
▪For urban areas –urban local bodies
▪For rural areas –gram panchayats
▪Introduced provision for financial devolution –a State Finance Commission
for sharing funds between State level and local self-governments to bring in
financial autonomy

31. ▪TheConstitutional74thAmendmentAct,envisagedasystematicchangein
thepatternofmunicipalgovernmentinthecountrywithaviewto
enablingcitiesandtownstoplayacriticalroleineconomicandsocial
developmentandsignifiedthebeginningofahistoricreformto
decentralizepowertothepeople.
▪The Act prescribes a common legal institutional framework for local self-
government comprising of the following mandatory institutions:
▪State Election Commission (Article 243k)
▪Elected Municipalities: Municipal Corporations (for larger urban areas),
Municipal Councils (smaller urban areas); and Nagar Panchayats(for
transitional areas) (Article 243Q).
▪Ward committeesand other committees (Article 243R)
▪State Finance Commission (Article 243I),
▪District Planning Committee (Article 243ZE)
▪Metropolitan Planning Committee (Article 243ZE)
74
th
CAA –Institutional Framework

32. DPC & MPC
▪A District Planning Committee (DPC) at District level to prepare the Draft
Development Plan, integrating matters of common interest between
thePanchayatsand the Municipalities including spatial planning, sharing
of water and other physical and naturalresources, the
integrateddevelopment ofinfrastructure andenvironmental
conservationand the extent and type of available resources, both financial
or otherwise.
▪AMetropolitanPlanningCommittee(MPC)forurbanareaswitha
populationof10lakhsandabove,spreadoveroneormoredistricts,
comprisingoneormorecontiguousmunicipalareas,grampanchayats,
etc.toprepareaDraftDevelopmentPlanhaveregardtomattersof
commoninterestbetweentheMunicipalitiesand the
Panchayats,includingco-ordinatedspatialplanningofthearea,
sharingofwaterandotherphysicalandnaturalresources,the
integrateddevelopmentofinfrastructureandenvironmentalconservation

33. Status of DPCs/ MPCs
▪Thestorysofaristhatofaslowpaced,hesitantkindofdevolutionof
powerstotheurbanlocalbodies.
▪Incompleteimplementationofprovisionsof74
th
CAA
▪SeveralStateslikeBihardoesnothaveDPCoranMPC.Gujarat,Himachal
PradeshandHaryanafollowthesuit.BiharandPondicherryhadnoteven
calledformunicipalelectionsuntil2001.
▪OnlyWestBengalconstitutedMPC.Kerala,MadhyaPradeshandWest
BengalhaveconstitutedDPC.Inallotherstates,metropolitanplanning
committeesarenon-existent.
▪Although,theprovisionshavebeenmadebythestates,theyhavenot
actualizedintofunctioningbodiesasdevelopersorplanners.
▪Karnataka,TamilNadu,Punjab,Rajasthan,haveprovidedforthe
constitutionofMPCintheirrespectiveacts,butnotconstitutedit,even
thoughitisaconstitutionalrequirement.AndhraPradesh,Gujarat,
HaryanahavenotprovidedforanyprovisionsfortheconstitutionofMPCs
intheirrespectiveacts.

34. ▪Thereasonsaremainlythelackofadequatefinances,statesnotdevolving
powersfullytotheurbanlocalbodiesandthefreehandthatmostofthe
stateshavebeengivenindecidingthefateofthesebodies.
▪Thecruxofthematteristhatmostofthestateshavecreatedinstitutions
thathavebeenmademandatoryinthe74thCAA.However,theambiguity
intheActpertainingtothecreationoftheseULBshasbeenmadeuse
fully.
▪Theactforexampledoesnotmakeitmandatoryforthestate
governmentstodevolveallthefunctionstothelocalbodies,doesnot
definethesourcesoffinanceforthem.Consequently,theseinstitutions
havejustremainedsuperficialinmostofthestates
▪UnderJNNURM,oneoftheprescribedState-levelreformswas
implementationoftheprovisionsof74
th
CAA
▪WhateverDistrictPlansthathavebeenpreparedaresimplycompilations
ofCentralandStatefundedschemesandprogrammes,theyarenotreally
spatialplans
Status of DPCs/ MPCs

35. Regional Inequalities in India
▪The major causes of regional economic underdevelopment in classical theory
were:
–Lack of natural resources (cultivable land being the main resource)
–Lack of capital (without which no programme of modernisation/ technology is feasible)
–Socio-economic factors -cultural resistance to change
–Vicious circle generated by circular and cumulative causation (Myrdal and Nurkse)
▪In India, following factors come into play:
–Vast area with significant variations
–Climatic and soil differences
–From economic view-point, factors of production like labour, capital and enterprise are not
equally distributed
–Glaring differences in social welfare (education, health, etc) due to unevenness of economic
development
–It is the explicit recognition of above factors that led Planning Commission to aim for balanced
regional development
▪Inter-State and Intra-State disparities, rural-urban disparities

36. Regional Income
▪InequalityacrosstheStates,measuredthroughvariationinthepercapita
SDP,hasgoneupinthecountryovertheperiodsince1993-94to2003-04
▪Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthatmeasuresofglobalizationhave
broughtdownregionalimbalance.
▪Thetrendofgrowingregionalinequityhascontinued,possiblyataslightly
higherpaceafter2003-04whentheoverallgrowthinGDPforthecountry
shotupto8percentperannumandmanyofthebackwardstates,
includingthoseinNorthEast,exhibitedevenhighergrowthrates.
▪During2007-09theinterstatedisparityinthegrowthrateofSDPrecordsa
stabilityordecline.
▪Unfortunately,thisgrowthprocesshasnotbeensustainedinmanyofthe
backwardstateswhichhasledtoincomeinequalityincreasingagainin
recentyears.

37. Low Income Regions
▪StudiesshowthatthelowincomestateslikeBihar,Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand,Orissa,andUttarPradeshandUttarakhandandMadhya
Pradeshhadreportedloweconomicgrowthduringeightiesandnineties
▪Thelessdevelopedstateshavethedisadvantagenotonlyofalowgrowth
ratebutalsohighfluctuationintheratefromyeartoyear
▪Whatcompoundstheirproblemsisthatthereisonlyamarginaldeclinein
theirpopulationgrowththathavestayedmuchabovethenational
average.
▪Variationsinpercapitaconsumptionexpenditureandpovertydata
obtainedfromtheNationalSampleSurveysalsoshowsaclearincreasing
trendasincaseofincome.

38. Inter-Urban Inequality
▪The inter-state inequality in case of metro cities initially works out to be
low but exhibits a sharp rise. It goes up from 12.2 per cent in 1993-94 to
21.9 per cent in 2009-10.
▪One would infer that the cities were similar in terms of their average
expenditure levels in early nineties but have become more disparate over
time.
▪This is because many of them subsequently have got linked to global
market and experienced high income growth.
▪The non-metropolitan urban centres, on the other hand, exhibited
interstate inequality similar to that of rural areas and this has not gone up
over the two decades.
▪This is largely because of stagnation of their economies and absence of
sectoral diversification.

39. Rural-Urban Inequality
▪There has been a much steeper rise in per capita consumption
expenditure in urban than rural areas in real terms in the nineties and
subsequent years compared to the preceding years
▪Poverty has shown a declining trend in rural and urban areas

40. Other parameters of Inequality
▪The high inequality in IMR across the states and its increasing trend
over time should be a matter of serious policy concern.
▪The inequalities in the provision of water and toilets across the
states too have gone up in recent years.
▪Unless there are specific policies and interventions to address the
issue of delivery of basic amenities and tackling the problem of
healthin backward regions and for the poor and vulnerable social
groups, it would be impossible to achieve the concerned MDG
targets even at the national levels.
▪Gender based inequalitieshave been noted to be very high
although there has been decline in recent years due to increase in
literacy and employment rate among women, exposure to global
media, modernization and resultant changes in social norms.

41. Regional Planning in India
▪RegionalPlanninginIndiawastakenupafterIndependence,asapartofthe
policyofplannednationaldevelopment,whichisaggregativeandsectoralin
nature
▪Necessitatedbystrikingregionalcontrastsindistributionandlevelsof
economicdevelopment
▪MainthrustforregionalplanninginIndiacameaspartoftheThirdFiveYear
Plan(1961-66),whichtalkedabout“BalancedRegionalDevelopment”.It
providedforpreparationofregionaldevelopmentplansforfiveresource
regions–DamodarValley,Dandakaranya,Rihand,BhakraNangaland
RajasthanCanal.
▪FourthFiveYearPlan(1969-74)referredatlengthtotheneedforaddressing
inter-stateandintra-stateimbalancesindevelopmentincludingtherural
problem;highlightedthenecessityoftheregionalapproachtotheproblems
ofunrestrictedandchaoticmetropolitangrowth.
▪TheFifthPlan(1974-79)introducedthenotionofurbandevelopmentfor
smallandmediumtownsforregulatinggrowthofthemetrocities.Theidea
ofmulti-levelplanningwasusedforthefirsttimeintheFifthPlan.

42. Regional Planning in India
▪TheSixthFYP(1980-85)strovetoachievebalancednationalgrowththrough
developmentofbackwardregions,progressivereductioninregional
inequalitiesanddiffusionoftechnologicalbenefits.Emphasiswaslaidon
districtandblocklevelplanning.Themechanismofarea-planningwas
adoptedtodealwithregionalinequalities–theSpecialComponentPlanfor
tribalareas,HillAreaPlansandspecificprogrammesfortheNorthEast
Regionalwereevolvedfromtheseapproaches.IDSMTSchemeintroduced.
NationalCommissiononUrbanisationappointed.
▪TheSeventhPlan(1985-90)stressedtheneedforindustriallocationpolicy
andsuggestedthatprivateindustrialinvestmentshouldbechannelisedinthe
vicinityofsmallandmediumtownstocheckmigrationtometropolitancities.
Agro-ClimaticRegionalPlanninginitiated.
▪TheEighthPlan(1992-97)emphasisedonmoreeffectiveimplementationof
strategiesadoptedduringSeventhPlan.
▪NinthPlan(1997-2002)–noreferencetoregionalplanning
▪TenthPlan(2002-07)includesaschemeonResearchinUrbanandRegional
Planning.JNNURM–flagshipschemelaunched.

43. Eleventh & Twelfth Plans
▪Objective “Faster Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth”
▪The Eleventh Plan gave a special impetus to several programmesaimed at building
rural and urban infrastructure and providing basic services with the objective of
increasing inclusiveness and reducing poverty.
▪Issues mentioned for focused attention during the Twelfth Plan are:
–Securing ecology of watershed and catchments,
–Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessments (CEIAs) for vulnerable regions
–Carrying capacity studies in selected river-basins
▪Twelfth Plan to give adequate emphasis to long term strategic urban planning to
ensure that India’s urban management agenda is not limited to ‘renewal’ of cities.
It must also anticipate and plan for emergence and growth of new cities along with
expansion of economic activities. The urban planning exercise, therefore, has to be
situated not only in the specific context of municipal limits but also encompass the
overall regional planning perspective.
▪To deal with the legitimate aspirations of the people of these neglected regions
the overall growth strategy must have a component of regional development. This
will require inter-state cooperation and strengthening the pace of development of
inter-state and intra-state connectivity of tribal and other isolated communities
through forests and difficult terrain. It will need better governance and deeper
involvement of local people in the development processes.

44. Thank you
▪Questions? Comments?