02. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & Cultural, Technical and territorial transformations.pdf
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Ar. Shubhi Khare
AP-224 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE -IV
AP-224 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE -IV
Ar. Shubhi Khare
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
&
CULTURAL, TECHNICAL AND TERRITORIAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
&
CULTURAL, TECHNICAL AND TERRITORIAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
Ar. Shubhi Khare
AS INDUSTRIES STARTED COMING UP:
Farm tools were
invented to serve
humankind.
Emergence of nation
states with firm
boundaries.
Art and culture
movements
emerged (Paradigm
shift in social and
cultural beliefs)
Way of thinking changed
Industrialization (Material
culture envolvement: iron
and steel produced in
masses.)
Mass
production.
Scientific and
technological
advancement
Rise in
mercantilism
Workforce
improved
URBANIZATION
AS INDUSTRIES STARTED COMING UP:
Farm tools were
invented to serve
humankind.
Emergence of nation
states with firm
boundaries.
Art and culture
movements
emerged (Paradigm
shift in social and
cultural beliefs)
Way of thinking changed
Industrialization (Material
culture envolvement: iron
and steel produced in
masses.)
Mass
production.
Scientific and
technological
advancement
Rise in
mercantilism
Workforce
improved
URBANIZATION
Ar. Shubhi Khare
1.Rise of the nation state
2.Growth of tolerance as a political and social belief
3.Industrialization
4.Rise of mercantilism and capitalism
5.Emergence of socialist countries
6.Discovery and colonization of the Non-Western
world
7.Rise of representative democracy
8.Increasing role of science and technology
9.Urbanization
10.Mass literacy
11.Proliferation of mass media
12.The Cartesian and Kantian distrust of tradition for
autonomous reason
RISE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT PROJECT
Enlightenment is an intellectual and philosophical
movement based in Europe that emerged from late 1600s
– late 1700s.
Major Pioneers:
•John Locks
•Adam Smith
•David Hume.
•Immanuel Kant
1.Rise of the nation state
2.Growth of tolerance as a political and social belief
3.Industrialization
4.Rise of mercantilism and capitalism
5.Emergence of socialist countries
6.Discovery and colonization of the Non-Western
world
7.Rise of representative democracy
8.Increasing role of science and technology
9.Urbanization
10.Mass literacy
11.Proliferation of mass media
12.The Cartesian and Kantian distrust of tradition for
autonomous reason
RISE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT PROJECT
Enlightenment is an intellectual and philosophical
movement based in Europe that emerged from late 1600s
– late 1700s.
Major Pioneers:
•John Locks
•Adam Smith
•David Hume.
•Immanuel Kant
Ar. Shubhi Khare
1.Emergence of social science and anthropology;
Romanticism and Early Existentialism.
2.Naturalist approaches to art and description.
3.Evolutionary thinking in geology, biology, politics, and
social sciences.
4.Beginnings of modern psychology.
5.Growing disenfranchisement of religion. (not allowed to
follow their own religion)
6.Emancipation. (freedom from slavery)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN 19
TH
CENTURY
1.Emergence of social science and anthropology;
Romanticism and Early Existentialism.
2.Naturalist approaches to art and description.
3.Evolutionary thinking in geology, biology, politics, and
social sciences.
4.Beginnings of modern psychology.
5.Growing disenfranchisement of religion. (not allowed to
follow their own religion)
6.Emancipation. (freedom from slavery)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN 19
TH
CENTURY
Ar. Shubhi Khare
•BUREAUCRACY - impersonal, social hierarchies that practice a division of labor and are marked by a
regularity of method and procedure
•DISENCHANTMENT OF THE WORLD - the loss of sacred and metaphysical understandings of all facets of
life and culture.
•RATIONALIZATION - the world can be understood and managed through a reasonable and logical system of
objectively accessible theories and data
•SECULARIZATION - the loss of religious influence and/or religious belief at a societal level
•ALIENATION- isolation of the individual from systems of meaningful family, meaningful work, religion, clan,
etc.
•COMMODIFICATION - the reduction of all aspects of life to objects of monetary consumption and exchange
•DECONTEXUTALIZATION - the removal of social practices, beliefs, and cultural objects from their local
cultures of origin
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNITY
•BUREAUCRACY - impersonal, social hierarchies that practice a division of labor and are marked by a
regularity of method and procedure
•DISENCHANTMENT OF THE WORLD - the loss of sacred and metaphysical understandings of all facets of
life and culture.
•RATIONALIZATION - the world can be understood and managed through a reasonable and logical system of
objectively accessible theories and data
•SECULARIZATION - the loss of religious influence and/or religious belief at a societal level
•ALIENATION- isolation of the individual from systems of meaningful family, meaningful work, religion, clan,
etc.
•COMMODIFICATION - the reduction of all aspects of life to objects of monetary consumption and exchange
•DECONTEXUTALIZATION - the removal of social practices, beliefs, and cultural objects from their local
cultures of origin
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNITY
Ar. Shubhi Khare
•INDIVIDUALISM- growing stress on individuals as opposed to meditating structures such as family, clan,
academy, village, church
•NATIONALISM- the rise of the modern nation-states as rational centralized governments that often cross local,
ethnic groupings
•URBANIZATION- the move of people, cultural centers, and political influence to large cities
•SUBJECTIVISM- the turn inward for definitions and evaluations of truth and meaning
•LINEAR-PROGRESSION- preference for forms of reasoning that stress presuppositions and resulting chains of
propositions
•OBJECTIVISM- the belief that truth-claims can be established by autonomous information accessible by all
•UNIVERSALISM- application of ideas/claims to all cultures/circumstances regardless of local distinctions
•REDUCTIONISM- the belief that something can be understood by studying the parts that make it up
CHARACTERISTICS O F MODERNITY
•INDIVIDUALISM- growing stress on individuals as opposed to meditating structures such as family, clan,
academy, village, church
•NATIONALISM- the rise of the modern nation-states as rational centralized governments that often cross local,
ethnic groupings
•URBANIZATION- the move of people, cultural centers, and political influence to large cities
•SUBJECTIVISM- the turn inward for definitions and evaluations of truth and meaning
•LINEAR-PROGRESSION- preference for forms of reasoning that stress presuppositions and resulting chains of
propositions
•OBJECTIVISM- the belief that truth-claims can be established by autonomous information accessible by all
•UNIVERSALISM- application of ideas/claims to all cultures/circumstances regardless of local distinctions
•REDUCTIONISM- the belief that something can be understood by studying the parts that make it up
CHARACTERISTICS O F MODERNITY
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century
where major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transport,
and technology had a profound effect
on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions.
•The Industrial revolution took place in
Britain, then subsequently spreading
throughout Europe, North America,
and eventually the world. The
Industrial Revolution marks a major
turning point in human history in almost
every aspect of human life.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century
where major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transport,
and technology had a profound effect
on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions.
•The Industrial revolution took place in
Britain, then subsequently spreading
throughout Europe, North America,
and eventually the world. The
Industrial Revolution marks a major
turning point in human history in almost
every aspect of human life.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
ALSO,
•Before Industrial revolution
manufacturing took place in homes
or rural areas and it was done by
hand.
•Some products made in home
(including clothing, furniture, tools,
cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather,
silverware, and weapons) were
even exchanged for food.
•The urge to increase the quality of
human like, to make technological
advancement led to the causes of the
Industrial revolution.
ALSO,
•Before Industrial revolution
manufacturing took place in homes
or rural areas and it was done by
hand.
•Some products made in home
(including clothing, furniture, tools,
cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather,
silverware, and weapons) were
even exchanged for food.
•The urge to increase the quality of
human like, to make technological
advancement led to the causes of the
Industrial revolution.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
•The standard of living in this time period
increased and people could afford purchasable
desires. The industrial revolution changed the
way people lived. Even the people at lowest
point of social standard had their standard of
living changed
•Work life also changed during industrial
revolution. Workforce became not as skilled
because of technological transformations
•Also people become more accustomed to work
union life and possibilities of strike
•Workers in this time had high productivity rate
and revolutionized manufacturing for future
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
•The standard of living in this time period
increased and people could afford purchasable
desires. The industrial revolution changed the
way people lived. Even the people at lowest
point of social standard had their standard of
living changed
•Work life also changed during industrial
revolution. Workforce became not as skilled
because of technological transformations
•Also people become more accustomed to work
union life and possibilities of strike
•Workers in this time had high productivity rate
and revolutionized manufacturing for future
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL
TRANSFORMATION
The technological changes included the following:
•The use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
•The use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as
coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion
engine.
•The invention of new machines permitted increased production with a smaller
expenditure of human energy
•A new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labor and specialization of function
•Important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam
locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio
•The increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes
made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass
production of manufactured goods.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL
TRANSFORMATION
The technological changes included the following:
•The use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
•The use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as
coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion
engine.
•The invention of new machines permitted increased production with a smaller
expenditure of human energy
•A new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labor and specialization of function
•Important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam
locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio
•The increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes
made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass
production of manufactured goods.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•STEAM POWER -
Steam Power had been around for a while, but in 1781 James Watt invented
a new type of steam engine that could be used to power machines in
factories. Throughout the 1800s steam engines grew bigger and more
powerful. They were used to not only power factories, but also in
transportation to power steamboats and trains. This allowed factories
to be located anywhere.
•COMMUNICATIONS -
The ability to communicate across long distances improved dramatically
during the Industrial Revolution. It began with the invention of the
electrical telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844. This system allowed for
messages to be transmitted much quicker and cheaper than old methods. In
1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone which changed
the way people communicated forever.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•STEAM POWER -
Steam Power had been around for a while, but in 1781 James Watt invented
a new type of steam engine that could be used to power machines in
factories. Throughout the 1800s steam engines grew bigger and more
powerful. They were used to not only power factories, but also in
transportation to power steamboats and trains. This allowed factories
to be located anywhere.
•COMMUNICATIONS -
The ability to communicate across long distances improved dramatically
during the Industrial Revolution. It began with the invention of the
electrical telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844. This system allowed for
messages to be transmitted much quicker and cheaper than old methods. In
1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone which changed
the way people communicated forever.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY - The Industrial Revolution began in the
textile industry. One of the first major inventions was the "spinning
jenny" invented by James Hargreaves in England in 1764. In 1779,
Samuel Crompton made improvements with the "spinning mule."
The Industrial Revolution began in the United States with the opening
of Slater's Mill in 1793.
•ELECTRICITY- Electricity became important during the Second
Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s. Electric lights allowed factories
to stay open longer and produce more goods.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY - The Industrial Revolution began in the
textile industry. One of the first major inventions was the "spinning
jenny" invented by James Hargreaves in England in 1764. In 1779,
Samuel Crompton made improvements with the "spinning mule."
The Industrial Revolution began in the United States with the opening
of Slater's Mill in 1793.
•ELECTRICITY- Electricity became important during the Second
Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s. Electric lights allowed factories
to stay open longer and produce more goods.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•TRANSPORTATION - Large amounts of goods needed to be
shipped from factories to stores throughout the country. One of the
first successful steamboats was developed by Robert Fulton in
1807. Steamboats were soon used to carry goods and passengers
along rivers throughout the United States. The steam locomotive
and trains became one of the most important modes of
transportation. The First Transcontinental Railroad across the
US was completed in 1869.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
•TRANSPORTATION - Large amounts of goods needed to be
shipped from factories to stores throughout the country. One of the
first successful steamboats was developed by Robert Fulton in
1807. Steamboats were soon used to carry goods and passengers
along rivers throughout the United States. The steam locomotive
and trains became one of the most important modes of
transportation. The First Transcontinental Railroad across the
US was completed in 1869.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
One of stages of urbanization is formation of
urban agglomerations, and respectively
transformation of the urbanized space.
Forming district settlements by the principles of
the ecovillage of similar settlements within urban
agglomerations will promote formation of the
new "smart" town-planning environment,
development of agricultural activity, formation
of the new housing stock meeting the modern
requirements.
URBAN AGGLOMERATION
MODERNIZATION
URBANIZATION
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
One of stages of urbanization is formation of
urban agglomerations, and respectively
transformation of the urbanized space.
Forming district settlements by the principles of
the ecovillage of similar settlements within urban
agglomerations will promote formation of the
new "smart" town-planning environment,
development of agricultural activity, formation
of the new housing stock meeting the modern
requirements.
URBAN AGGLOMERATION
MODERNIZATION
URBANIZATION
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON TOWN -
PLANNING SYSTEM
•Modernization introduced a need of sustainable development in
urbanization which without causing harm, will allow the system
to recover independently from any potential damage. It helped in
creating conditions for a favorable and safe urban life.
•Modern town-planning systems contributed in the development of
the industrial base, infrastructure, and additional spheres that
enhance the urban life and improved the quality of life.
•However, urbanization also led to increased population density
and environmental pressure.
•Modernization also led to issues like increased density, lack of
green spaces, and organized public space.
•To minimize the negative impacts of urbanization, planning
efforts are crucial. Without proper planning, the functioning of
the urbanized system may become inefficient, and the system may
struggle to recover from external influences.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON TOWN -
PLANNING SYSTEM
•Modernization introduced a need of sustainable development in
urbanization which without causing harm, will allow the system
to recover independently from any potential damage. It helped in
creating conditions for a favorable and safe urban life.
•Modern town-planning systems contributed in the development of
the industrial base, infrastructure, and additional spheres that
enhance the urban life and improved the quality of life.
•However, urbanization also led to increased population density
and environmental pressure.
•Modernization also led to issues like increased density, lack of
green spaces, and organized public space.
•To minimize the negative impacts of urbanization, planning
efforts are crucial. Without proper planning, the functioning of
the urbanized system may become inefficient, and the system may
struggle to recover from external influences.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
NEED OF TERRITORIAL
TRANSFORMATION OF THE URBANIZED
ENVIRONMENT
•With expansion of cities comes planning issue which
includes the need for increased infrastructure. Issues
arise with the inadequate capacity of both utility and
transport infrastructure to handle growing
demands. Moreover, the available housing stock in
developed cities may not meet modern standards of
living.
•Modernization alters the main city flows, including
transportation and human movement, increasing
the load on existing transport infrastructure and
impacting the ecology of the urbanized system,
ultimately affecting the inhabitants.
•Territorial transformations also leads to the need of
modernization of existing housing, and the
construction of new housing stock.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATION
NEED OF TERRITORIAL
TRANSFORMATION OF THE URBANIZED
ENVIRONMENT
•With expansion of cities comes planning issue which
includes the need for increased infrastructure. Issues
arise with the inadequate capacity of both utility and
transport infrastructure to handle growing
demands. Moreover, the available housing stock in
developed cities may not meet modern standards of
living.
•Modernization alters the main city flows, including
transportation and human movement, increasing
the load on existing transport infrastructure and
impacting the ecology of the urbanized system,
ultimately affecting the inhabitants.
•Territorial transformations also leads to the need of
modernization of existing housing, and the
construction of new housing stock.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
MAJOR INVENTIONS
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1 Flying shuttle1733 John Kay Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving
2 Spinning jenny1765 James
Hargreaves
Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when
spun by hand
3 Water frame 1769 Richard
Arkwright
Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a
home – led to the creation of factories
4 Spinning mule1779 Samuel
Crompton
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single
device, increasing the production of fine thread
5 Power loom 1785 Edward
Cartwright
Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove
thread into cloth
6 Cotton gin 1793 Eli Whitney Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the
cotton supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton
7 Sewing machine1846 Elias Howe Speed of sewing greatly increased
MAJOR INVENTIONS
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1 Flying shuttle1733 John Kay Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving
2 Spinning jenny1765 James
Hargreaves
Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when
spun by hand
3 Water frame 1769 Richard
Arkwright
Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a
home – led to the creation of factories
4 Spinning mule1779 Samuel
Crompton
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single
device, increasing the production of fine thread
5 Power loom 1785 Edward
Cartwright
Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove
thread into cloth
6 Cotton gin 1793 Eli Whitney Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the
cotton supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton
7 Sewing machine1846 Elias Howe Speed of sewing greatly increased
Ar. Shubhi Khare
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INVENTIONS LIST
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
1 Steamboat 1807 Robert Fulton Speed water transportation
2 Macadamized
roads
1810-1830Thomas Telford and John
McAdam
Improved roads
3 Locomotive 1825 George Stephenson Fast land transport of people and
goods
4 Gasoline engine 1885 Gottlieb Daimler Led to the invention of the automobile
5 Diesel engine 1892 Rudolf Diesel Cheaper fuel
6 Airplane 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright Air transport
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INVENTIONS LIST
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
1 Steamboat 1807 Robert Fulton Speed water transportation
2 Macadamized
roads
1810-1830Thomas Telford and John
McAdam
Improved roads
3 Locomotive 1825 George Stephenson Fast land transport of people and
goods
4 Gasoline engine 1885 Gottlieb Daimler Led to the invention of the automobile
5 Diesel engine 1892 Rudolf Diesel Cheaper fuel
6 Airplane 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright Air transport
Ar. Shubhi Khare
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INVENTIONS LIST
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY
1 Telegraph 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse Rapid communication across
continents
2 Telephone 1876 Alexander Graham Bell Human speech heard across
continents
3 Atlantic cable 1866 Cyrus W. Field United States and Europe
connected by cable
4 Wireless telegraph, an early form
of the radio
1895 Guglielmo Marconi No wires needed for sending
messages
5 Radio tube 1907 Lee de Forest Radio broadcasts could be sent
around the world
6 Television 1925 Vladimir Zworykin Simultaneous audio and visual
broadcast
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INVENTIONS LIST
S.NO.NAME YEAR BY DESCRIPTION
COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY
1 Telegraph 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse Rapid communication across
continents
2 Telephone 1876 Alexander Graham Bell Human speech heard across
continents
3 Atlantic cable 1866 Cyrus W. Field United States and Europe
connected by cable
4 Wireless telegraph, an early form
of the radio
1895 Guglielmo Marconi No wires needed for sending
messages
5 Radio tube 1907 Lee de Forest Radio broadcasts could be sent
around the world
6 Television 1925 Vladimir Zworykin Simultaneous audio and visual
broadcast
Ar. Shubhi Khare
KENNETH FRAMPTON
KENNETH FRAMPTON
Ar. Shubhi Khare
•Kenneth Frampton coined the phrase Critical Regionalism
to define the elements of topography, climate, light and
tectonics fundamental to the art of building.
•Besides universal civilization, architecture should not
neglect regional (cultural identity) and respond to its
site context.
DESIGN PROPOSED
Embrace high technology at the same time develop own
regions identity, using materials as approach, respond to
climate, site typology & culture
KENNETH FRAMPTON
•Kenneth Frampton coined the phrase Critical Regionalism
to define the elements of topography, climate, light and
tectonics fundamental to the art of building.
•Besides universal civilization, architecture should not
neglect regional (cultural identity) and respond to its
site context.
DESIGN PROPOSED
Embrace high technology at the same time develop own
regions identity, using materials as approach, respond to
climate, site typology & culture
KENNETH FRAMPTON
Ar. Shubhi Khare
“TOWARDS A CRITICAL REGIONALISM
- SIX POINTS FOR AN ARCHITECTURE OF RESISTANCE””
- KENNETH FRAMPTON
1
•Culture & Civilization
2
•The rise & fall of Avant-garde
3
•Critical Regionalism & World Culture
4
•Resistance of Place-form
5
•Culture vs nature: typology, context, climate, light & tectonic form
6
•The visual vs tactile.
“TOWARDS A CRITICAL REGIONALISM
- SIX POINTS FOR AN ARCHITECTURE OF RESISTANCE””
- KENNETH FRAMPTON
1
•Culture & Civilization
2
•The rise & fall of Avant-garde
3
•Critical Regionalism & World Culture
4
•Resistance of Place-form
5
•Culture vs nature: typology, context, climate, light & tectonic form
6
•The visual vs tactile.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
1
•CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
•He states that modern architecture is heavily
influenced by optimized technology (continuous
evolution in technology), limiting the creation of
significant urban forms.
•The interplay between culture and civilization that
once shaped urban fabric has diminished over the last
two decades, replaced by the dominance of
freestanding high-rises and serpentine freeways.
•He highlighted the struggle to balance
modernization with a connection to cultural roots,
and suggests that civilization is becoming entangled
in a relentless pursuit of "means and ends” (what
to do and how to do without thining about the
effects), leading to a sense of meaninglessness.
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
1
•CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
•He states that modern architecture is heavily
influenced by optimized technology (continuous
evolution in technology), limiting the creation of
significant urban forms.
•The interplay between culture and civilization that
once shaped urban fabric has diminished over the last
two decades, replaced by the dominance of
freestanding high-rises and serpentine freeways.
•He highlighted the struggle to balance
modernization with a connection to cultural roots,
and suggests that civilization is becoming entangled
in a relentless pursuit of "means and ends” (what
to do and how to do without thining about the
effects), leading to a sense of meaninglessness.
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•He text traces the evolution of the avant-garde in relation to
modernization, highlighting its positive role in the Enlightenment's
progressive trajectory. It explores how avant-garde movements,
from Neoclassicism to Futurism, initially aligned with
modernization but later faced challenges.
•The aftermath of World War I and the socio-political turmoil of the
1930s led to a divergence between cultural modernization and
the interests of monopoly and state capitalism.
•The rise of postmodern architecture is discussed, critiquing its
descent into pure technique and scenography, with the
recognition that modernization no longer inherently signifies
freedom.
2
•THE RISE & FALL OF AVANT-GARDE
Dancing
House,
Prague
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•He text traces the evolution of the avant-garde in relation to
modernization, highlighting its positive role in the Enlightenment's
progressive trajectory. It explores how avant-garde movements,
from Neoclassicism to Futurism, initially aligned with
modernization but later faced challenges.
•The aftermath of World War I and the socio-political turmoil of the
1930s led to a divergence between cultural modernization and
the interests of monopoly and state capitalism.
•The rise of postmodern architecture is discussed, critiquing its
descent into pure technique and scenography, with the
recognition that modernization no longer inherently signifies
freedom.
2
•THE RISE & FALL OF AVANT-GARDE
Dancing
House,
Prague
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•Here he argues for the importance of Critical Regionalism in
architecture as a means to cultivate a resistant, identity-giving
culture while maintaining discreet recourse to universal
technique.
•It distinguishes Critical Regionalism from simplistic attempts to
revive lost vernaculars, emphasizing the need for a critical self-
consciousness.
•Critical Regionalism is seen as a bearer of world culture, requiring
a double mediation process: deconstructing inherited world
culture and critiquing universal civilization.
•The synthesis of universal civilization and world culture is
exemplified by the Bagsvaerd Church near Copenhagen,
showcasing a blend of a (wideliy accepted) normative
technique and (unusual) idiosyncratic form, (deviation from
religious) secularizing sacred spaces in a highly secular age.
3
•CRITICAL REGIONALISM AND WORLD CULTURE
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•Here he argues for the importance of Critical Regionalism in
architecture as a means to cultivate a resistant, identity-giving
culture while maintaining discreet recourse to universal
technique.
•It distinguishes Critical Regionalism from simplistic attempts to
revive lost vernaculars, emphasizing the need for a critical self-
consciousness.
•Critical Regionalism is seen as a bearer of world culture, requiring
a double mediation process: deconstructing inherited world
culture and critiquing universal civilization.
•The synthesis of universal civilization and world culture is
exemplified by the Bagsvaerd Church near Copenhagen,
showcasing a blend of a (wideliy accepted) normative
technique and (unusual) idiosyncratic form, (deviation from
religious) secularizing sacred spaces in a highly secular age.
3
•CRITICAL REGIONALISM AND WORLD CULTURE
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•The text discusses the proliferation of the Megalopolis and the resulting
decline of defined urban forms. It criticizes the reduction of urban
planning to land use allocation and distribution logistics,
emphasizing the crisis in urban planning.
•He argues for the necessity of a clearly defined boundary to create an
architecture of resistance against the relentless flux of the
Megalopolis (network of large cities that have been interconnected with
surrounding metropolitan areas by infrastructure or transportation). This
bounded place-form is essential for public spaces, supporting Hannah
Arendt's notion of "the space of human appearance."
•He suggests that Critical Regionalism, along with providing
expressive density, should also focus on the importance of a clearly
defined place-form in creating a resistant architecture. Examples
like the perimeter block are cited as potential urban forms with political
and resistant potential.
4
•RESISTANCE OF PLACE FORM
PUBLIC REALM IN SHANGHAI'S YUQIAO
TECHNOLOGY DISTRICT
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•The text discusses the proliferation of the Megalopolis and the resulting
decline of defined urban forms. It criticizes the reduction of urban
planning to land use allocation and distribution logistics,
emphasizing the crisis in urban planning.
•He argues for the necessity of a clearly defined boundary to create an
architecture of resistance against the relentless flux of the
Megalopolis (network of large cities that have been interconnected with
surrounding metropolitan areas by infrastructure or transportation). This
bounded place-form is essential for public spaces, supporting Hannah
Arendt's notion of "the space of human appearance."
•He suggests that Critical Regionalism, along with providing
expressive density, should also focus on the importance of a clearly
defined place-form in creating a resistant architecture. Examples
like the perimeter block are cited as potential urban forms with political
and resistant potential.
4
•RESISTANCE OF PLACE FORM
PUBLIC REALM IN SHANGHAI'S YUQIAO
TECHNOLOGY DISTRICT
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•The text explores Critical Regionalism's relation with nature, contrasting it with the
clean slate tendency of modernization.
•It emphasizes the importance of cultivating irregular topography and incorporating
cultural history into architectural form.
•The modulation of factors like urban fabric, climate, light, and tectonic form opposes
the optimal use of universal technique. The discussion includes the role of fenestration
in expressing regional character, the impact of light on art galleries, and the
unsentimental reflection of local culture in ventilation solutions.
•He concludes by highlighting the autonomy of architectural form in the tectonic,
emphasizing its potential for expressing structural poetry and resisting the dominance of
universal technique.
5
•CULTURE VS NATURE: TYPOLOGY, CONTEXT, CLIMATE, LIGHT &&
TECTONIC FORM
SAFFRONSTAYS AMAYA, KANNUR
LAXMINIWAS PALACE, BIKANER
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•The text explores Critical Regionalism's relation with nature, contrasting it with the
clean slate tendency of modernization.
•It emphasizes the importance of cultivating irregular topography and incorporating
cultural history into architectural form.
•The modulation of factors like urban fabric, climate, light, and tectonic form opposes
the optimal use of universal technique. The discussion includes the role of fenestration
in expressing regional character, the impact of light on art galleries, and the
unsentimental reflection of local culture in ventilation solutions.
•He concludes by highlighting the autonomy of architectural form in the tectonic,
emphasizing its potential for expressing structural poetry and resisting the dominance of
universal technique.
5
•CULTURE VS NATURE: TYPOLOGY, CONTEXT, CLIMATE, LIGHT &&
TECTONIC FORM
SAFFRONSTAYS AMAYA, KANNUR
LAXMINIWAS PALACE, BIKANER
Ar. Shubhi Khare
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•He highlights the significance of tactile perception in the built environment as a potential strategy to resist the dominance of
universal technology. He emphasizes the complementary sensory experiences beyond sight, such as the feel of light,
darkness, temperature, and materials. Examples, like Luchino Visconti's film set and Alvar Aalto's Saynatsalo Town Hall,
illustrate the tactile sensitivity in design, emphasizing the importance of bodily experience and the unique qualities of surfaces.
•Critical Regionalism aims to balance the visual bias by reintroducing tactile elements, aiming to counteract the exclusive
reliance on perspectival interpretations and fostering a more direct engagement with the environment.
6
•THE VISUAL VS TACTILE
Alvar
Aalto's
Saynatsalo
Town Hall
Luchino
Visconti's
film set
THE 6 POINTS OF KENNETH FRAMPTON
•He highlights the significance of tactile perception in the built environment as a potential strategy to resist the dominance of
universal technology. He emphasizes the complementary sensory experiences beyond sight, such as the feel of light,
darkness, temperature, and materials. Examples, like Luchino Visconti's film set and Alvar Aalto's Saynatsalo Town Hall,
illustrate the tactile sensitivity in design, emphasizing the importance of bodily experience and the unique qualities of surfaces.
•Critical Regionalism aims to balance the visual bias by reintroducing tactile elements, aiming to counteract the exclusive
reliance on perspectival interpretations and fostering a more direct engagement with the environment.
6
•THE VISUAL VS TACTILE
Alvar
Aalto's
Saynatsalo
Town Hall
Luchino
Visconti's
film set
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