04-DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF WIND FARM.pdf

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3. Need of wind farm design ?
•Theuseoflargeareasoflandforharvestingwindenergyrequirescareful
designofthelocationofturbines,roadsandelectricalcables
•Ifwindfarmsaresitedanddesignedwell,thecapacityofthelandscapeto
incorporatethistypeofdevelopmentwillbemaximized
•Conversely,iftheyarepoorlylocatedanddesignedthescopeforfurther
developmentinthefuturewillbegreatlyreduced.
•improperdesignwillincreasegenerationlossesandloadontheturbineVSDP

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9. •Preliminary Geotechnical
Investigation:
•Desktop site selection & field
mapping
•Assessment of the geological
variability across the study area
•Assessment of the nature and
strength of the near surface
materials at selected turbine
locations
•Assessment of slope stability in
the proposed wind farm
location
▪Preliminary assessment of design
parameters for turbine footing
foundations and anchor support
▪Preliminary advice for the construction
of roads
▪that provide access to the turbines
▪Undertake investigations on historical
▪developments within the lease area
▪Detail and design site drainage
requirements around both access roads
and footing foundations
▪Provide a detailed Geotechnical report,
for use in the attainment of building
permits etcVSDP

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11. Design parameters and impact parameters
•Parametersthatareusedwhendesigningawindfarminclude
❑windfarmdesignparametersand
❑meteorologicaldesignparameters.
•theproductionofawindfarmisoptimalandminimizetheload.Theseincludehub
height,rotordiameterandnominalpowerofthewindturbines,aswellasdistance
betweentheturbinesanddistancetootherwindfarms.
•Themeteorologicaldesignparametersontheotherhandaregivenconstraintswhich
characterizethewindclimateatasite.
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whathappensclosetothesurface),theheightwherethatvelocityisreached,and
thesurfaceroughnesslength(thatisthelengthscalewhichcharacterizes the
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12. IMPACT PARAMETERS
❑measuretheimpactofawindfarmonthevelocity.
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distance,minimumsafedistance,anddisturbedsectorsinthe
windrose.
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example99%,oftheupstreamvalueisthevelocityrecovery
distance.Theminimumsafedistanceisasimilarmeasure,
indicatingthedistancebeyondwhichthevelocitydeficitisless
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o
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t
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u
b

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n
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s

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r
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d
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16. I
n

o
r
d
e
r

t
o

d
o

a

p
r
o
p
e
r

w
i
n
d

a
s
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e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
n
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i
t
e

w
i
n
d

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s

a
r
e

n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
!
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i
n
d

r
o
s
e
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n
e

f
u
l
l

y
e
a
r


o
f

m
e
a
s
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r
e
m
e
n
t
s

a
r
e

n
e
e
d
e
d

i
n

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r
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r

t
o

t
a
k
e

a
l
l

s
e
a
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l

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r
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n
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f

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h
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h
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r
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r
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d

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o
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e
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n
d

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n
d

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p
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h
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x
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t
y

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f

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h
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l
a
n
d
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c
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p
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VSDP

17. W
h
a
t

d
o
e
s

M
i
c
r
o

S
i
t
i
n
g

i
n
c
l
u
d
e
?
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i
n
d

m
e
a
s
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r
e
m
e
n
t
s
W
i
n
d

s
p
e
e
d
T
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
,

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o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
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b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
T
u
r
b
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n
e

a
n
d

p
a
r
k

l
a
y
o
u
t
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
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n

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s
t
i
m
a
t
e
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a
d

c
a
l
c
u
l
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t
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n
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o
u
n
d

e
m
i
s
s
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o
n
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i
s
u
a
l
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z
a
t
i
o
n
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h
a
d
o
w

c
a
s
t
i
n
g VSDP

18. Wind data analysis and climatic condition
◦Average Annual Wind Speed,
◦Temperature and pressure,
◦Air density,
◦Turbulence,
◦Wind frequency distribution,
◦Wind Shear, (Power Law
Index)
◦Extreme Wind Speeds,
◦3 Sec Extreme Gust.VSDP

19. T
u
r
b
i
n
e

s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

s
u
i
t
a
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l
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t
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f

t
u
r
b
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n
e
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g
e


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2
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e
s
i
g
n

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u
r
b
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l
e
n
c
e

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n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
@

1
5

m
/
s
A

=

1
8
%

B

=

1
6
%
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=

1
4
%
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E
C

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:
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1
0

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n
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e
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s
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e
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v
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l

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s
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l
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e
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r
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v
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l
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p
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c
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f
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y

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a
n
u
f
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t
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r
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u
r
b
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l
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n
c
e

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n
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p
e
c
i
f
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e
d

b
y

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a
n
u
f
a
c
t
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r
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r
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l
l

w
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n
d

s
p
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e
d
s

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r
e

a
t

h
u
b

h
e
i
g
h
t
. VSDP

20. M
a
p
s

p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
o
u
r

M
a
p

– m
i
n
i
m
u
m

5

k
m
s
f
r
o
m

t
h
e

s
i
t
e

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
P
r
e
f
e
r
a
b
l
y

2
m

r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

p
r
o
j
e
c
t

s
i
t
e

a
n
d

f
o
r

r
e
s
t

o
f

t
h
e

a
r
e
a

5
m

t
o

1
0
m

r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
nVSDP

21. M
a
p
s

p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
R
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
P
a
g
e


2
4
S
i
t
e

v
i
s
i
t

i
s

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

t
o

p
r
e
p
a
r
e

a

q
u
a
l
i
t
y

r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s

m
a
p VSDP

22. P
o
w
e
r

C
u
r
v
e

a
n
d

A
i
r
-d
e
n
s
i
t
y
P
a
g
e


2
5
T
h
r
u
s
t

c
u
r
v
e

i
s

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

a
l
o
n
g

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

p
o
w
e
r

c
u
r
v
e

f
o
r

W
a
k
e

m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
.VSDP

23. Software tools
Wind data Analysis
Windographer
Windpro
Excel
MATLAB
Wind Farm Layout and
Energy Estimation
WAsP
Wind farmer
Windpro
Windsim
MeteoDYN
Openwind
Turbulence, Inflow angle and
slope calculation
WAsPEngineering
Windsim,Meteodyn,
Openwind,SurferVSDP

24. P
a
g
e


2
7
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

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t
l
a
s

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n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

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p
p
l
i
c
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t
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o
n

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r
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r
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m
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s
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i
s

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e
v
e
l
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p
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d

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n
d

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d

b
y

t
h
e

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i
n
d

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n
e
r
g
y

a
n
d

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t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
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c

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h
y
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c
s

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e
p
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r
t
m
e
n
t

a
t

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i
s
o
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a
t
i
o
n
a
l

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a
b
o
r
a
t
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y
,

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e
n
m
a
r
k
.

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A
s
P
i
s

a

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p
r
o
g
r
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f
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r

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h
e

v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

a
n
d

h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

e
x
t
r
a
p
o
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

w
i
n
d

c
l
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
,


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r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g

w
i
n
d

c
l
i
m
a
t
e
s

a
n
d

p
o
w
e
r

p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s

f
r
o
m

w
i
n
d

t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s

a
n
d

w
i
n
d

f
a
r
m
s
.

H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

e
x
t
r
a
p
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
VSDP

25. P
a
g
e


2
8
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
O
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
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o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
O
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
sVSDP

26. P
a
g
e


2
9
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

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p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

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r
o
g
r
a
m
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b
s
t
a
c
l
e
O
b
s
e
r
v
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
eVSDP

27. P
a
g
e


3
0
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

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p
p
l
i
c
a
t
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o
n

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r
o
g
r
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m
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b
s
t
a
c
l
e
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o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
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b
s
e
r
v
e
d

W
i
n
d

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l
i
m
a
t
eVSDP

28. P
a
g
e


3
1
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

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p
p
l
i
c
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t
i
o
n

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r
o
g
r
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m
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b
s
t
a
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l
e
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o
u
g
h
n
e
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s
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o
n
t
o
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r
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b
s
e
r
v
e
d

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i
n
d

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l
i
m
a
t
eVSDP

29. P
a
g
e


3
2
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

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p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

/

A
t
l
a
s
O
b
s
e
r
v
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
eVSDP

30. P
a
g
e


3
3
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

/

A
t
l
a
s
+

C
o
n
t
o
u
rVSDP

31. P
a
g
e


3
4
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

/

A
t
l
a
s
+

R
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
+

C
o
n
t
o
u
rVSDP

32. P
a
g
e


3
5
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

/

A
t
l
a
s
+

R
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
+

C
o
n
t
o
u
r
+

O
b
s
t
a
c
l
eVSDP

33. P
a
g
e


3
6
W
A
s
P
– W
i
n
d

A
t
l
a
s

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

a
n
d

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
d

W
i
n
d

C
l
i
m
a
t
e

/

A
t
l
a
sVSDP

34. Key technical aspects
•Deciding the right orientation
of turbine array
•Good understanding of macro
characteristics of wind profile
•Minimum inter turbine spacing
•Wake loss
•Turbulence
•Loads
•Selecting model in general
•Matching site wind class and
turbine design wind class
•Extreme load
•Extreme winds
•Positioning of turbines
•Terrain
•Turbulence
•Deflections
•Skewed wind flow
•Selecting models at specific
locations
•Fatigue loads
•Wind shear
•Veer
•Flow angleVSDP

35. W
h
a
t

i
s

T
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
T
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e

i
s

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s

i
n

w
i
n
d

s
p
e
e
d

•B
a
c
k

g
r
o
u
n
d

t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
•W
a
k
e

t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e VSDP

36. W
h
a
t

i
s

a

s
i
m
p
l
e

a
n
d

C
o
m
p
l
e
x

S
i
t
e
?
M
i
n
o
r

r
e
l
i
e
f

N
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e

i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e

o
f

o
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
C
h
a
r
e
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
d

b
y

o
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s

w
i
t
h

t
e
r
r
a
i
n

s
l
o
p
e

>
1
7

d
e
g
D
o
m
i
n
a
n
t

i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e

o
n

w
i
n
d

c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
VSDP

37. Windmill Packing Density
•Asitextractsenergyfromthewind,theturbineleavesbehind
itawakecharacterisedbyreducedwindspeedsandincreased
levelsofturbuence
•Aturbineoperatinginthewakeofaturbinewillproduceless
energyandsuffergreaterstructuralloading
•Ruleofthumbisthatwindmillscannotbespacedcloserthan5
timestheirdiameterwithoutlosingsignificantpowerVSDP

38. W
a
k
e

E
f
f
e
c
t
S
i
n
c
e
aw
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
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l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
,
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
l
e
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
m
u
s
t
h
a
v
e
al
o
w
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
h
a
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t
h
e
w
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d
a
r
r
i
v
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n
g
i
n
f
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n
t
o
f
t
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b
i
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e
.
T
h
i
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
d
i
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c
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y
f
r
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t
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f
a
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a
t
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n
e
r
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y
c
a
n
n
e
i
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r
b
e
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e
d
n
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r
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
.
Aw
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
w
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a
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w
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t
aw
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d
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a
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o
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d
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c
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
f
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c
t
,
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h
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r
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w
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l
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b
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aw
a
k
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b
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h
i
n
d
t
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t
u
r
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,
i.e.al
o
n
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t
r
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f
w
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d
w
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c
h
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u
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r
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s
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r
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r
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r
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a
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o
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r
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n
o
r
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r
t
o
a
v
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d
t
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u
c
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t
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r
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l
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n
c
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r
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u
n
d
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t
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n
e
s
d
o
w
n
s
t
r
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a
m
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n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
a
i
l
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n
g
w
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n
d
d
i
r
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c
t
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o
n
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
a
r
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u
s
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a
l
l
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s
p
a
c
e
d
e
v
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n
f
a
r
t
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e
r
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p
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r
t
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s
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
a
g
e
. VSDP

39. Windmill Packing Density
•Power that a windmill can
generate per unit land area
= Power per windmill / land
area per windmill
= (Cpx ½ ρv
3
x (π/4)d
2
) /
(5d)
2
d
5dVSDP

40. a
)
T
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
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p
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p
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d
W
E
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w
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t
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a
d
j
a
c
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E
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,
f
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m
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d
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w
s
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l
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e
m
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m
u
m
t
h
r
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t
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s
(3D
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t
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t
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r
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t
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r
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’
. VSDP

41. W
R
D
4
5
A
r
r
a
y

l
o
s
s
•W
a
k
e

e
f
f
e
c
t
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
t

w
i
n
d
1
s
t
r
o
w
2
n
d
r
o
w














3
r
d
r
o
w


4
t
h
r
o
wVSDP

42. D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g

a
n
d

i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g

T
o
o
l
s
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o
m
p
l
e
x

S
i
t
e
s
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e
t

M
a
s
t
s
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i
n
d

A
n
a
l
y
s
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s

T
o
o
l
s
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i
t
e

C
h
e
c
k
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e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g

T
o
o
l
s VSDP

43. S
i
t
e

I
D
X-
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

[
m
]

Y-
l
o
c
a
t
i
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n

[
m
]

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

a
.
s
.
l
.

[
m
]

W
a
k
e

l
o
s
s

[
%
]

P
5
0

G
W
H
P
7
5

G
W
H
P
9
0

G
W
H
P
9
5

G
W
H
1 2
.
3
1
.
2
3
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.
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8
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.
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2
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4
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3 44
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44. W
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45. C
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46. A
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48. VSDP

49. VSDP

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51. Uncertainties
➢Meteorological input data:
➢Gaps in the recorded data
➢Poor or not calibrated anemometer
➢Damaged or malfunctioning sensors
➢Change of obstacles in the vicinity of the met mast
(trees, buildings, etc.)
➢Calculation methods:
Not suitable for complex terrain
Input of roughness, obstacles and orographyVSDP

52. WRD 60
Recommended approachVSDP

53. S
t
e
p

1
:

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4
-5
DVSDP

54. Step 4: When game gets tough…
•Use optimization tools
•WindFarmer, GarradHassan, U.K.
•WindPro, EMD, Denmark
•WindFarm, ReSoftLtd., U.K.
•OpenWind, AWS Truepower, USA
•Provide as much of site inputs as possible
•Use high resolution wind resource grid “wrg”
data for optimizing –especially in complex
terrain
•Use your own judgment to re-check the output
of these tools
WRD 62
•Marking and verification at site
•Use G.P.S., Siting compass
•Carrying Laptop with Micro-siting map
recommended
•Carry detailed Micro-siting map
•To thrash out minor local nuances
•Normally not captured in survey
•Try for fine adjustment to improve output / array
efficiency
•In case of major shifting –1/2D or more, re-run
the tools
•Pick up the final locations from site
•Re-survey
•Final run of program for estimated output.
Step 5: Positioning of WTGs…VSDP

55. WRD 63
Step 5: Positioning of WTGs…
•Marking and verification at site
•Use G.P.S., Sitingcompass
•Carrying Laptop with Micro-sitingmap recommended
•Carry detailed Micro-sitingmap
•To thrash out minor local nuances
•Normally not captured in survey
•Try for fine adjustment to improve output / array
efficiency
•In case of major shifting –1/2D or more, re-run the tools
•Pick up the final locations from site
•Re-survey
•Final run of program for estimated output.VSDP

56. Step 6: Study each location…
•Analyze each location for suitability of the selected WTG
model
•More critical in complex sites
•Harmful location need either correction or cancellation
•Use of advanced modeling tools (CFD) will help in decision
makingVSDP

57. Locating
Wind Farms
Using GIS to Optimize
Wind Farm LocationsVSDP

58. G
I
S

a
n
d

W
i
n
d

F
a
r
m
s
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I
S

s
e
r
v
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c
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s

p
r
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v
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d
e

t
h
e

b
a
s
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s

f
o
r

w
i
n
d

f
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r
m

s
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t
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g

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t

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l
l

s
t
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g
e
s

o
f

d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.


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s

w
i
n
d

f
a
r
m
s

g
r
o
w
,

m
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r
e

a
p
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l
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c
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t
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n
s

w
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l
l

a
p
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a
r

t
o

t
r
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n
s
f
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m

t
h
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p
r
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c
e
s
s

i
n
t
o

r
e
a
l
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f
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p
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n
s
.
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i
n
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A
v
a
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b
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t
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r
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s
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g

a

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i
n
d

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a
r
m

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o
c
a
t
i
o
nVSDP

59. P
r
e
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f

r
o
u
g
n
e
s
s
m
a
p VSDP

60. S
L
O
P
E
VSDP

61. L
a
n
d

U
s
e

L
a
n
d

C
o
v
e
r

M
a
p VSDP

62. S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t VSDP

63. F
o
r
e
s
t

A
r
e
a VSDP

64. T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n VSDP

65. W
a
t
e
r

b
o
d
i
e
s
VSDP

66. W
i
n
d

F
a
r
m
a
b
l
e

A
r
e
a VSDP

67. O
o
p
s
.
.
.
•W
h
a
t
’
s

w
r
o
n
g

w
i
t
h

t
h
i
s

p
i
c
t
u
r
e
?
•P
r
o
x
i
m
i
t
y

o
f

t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
•O
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

w
.
r
.
t
.

p
r
e
v
a
l
i
n
g

w
i
n
d
s
•I
g
n
o
r
i
n
g

l
o
c
a
l

t
o
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
•…
N
e
a
r

P
a
l
m

S
p
r
i
n
g
s
,

C
AVSDP

68. Conclusions
•Wind farm has to be carefully designed as it involves huge
investment
•Improper design will reduce energy generation ,increase the load on
the turbine and reduce the life of the turbine.VSDP