04. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPssssssssssS.pptx

for reporting

1. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP Sheila Mae O. Zafra Instructor 1

2. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Competition H appens when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. The competition is generally observed for acquiring some limiting abiotic factor in the environment.

3. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS I ntraspecific Competition Competition among members of the same species I nterspecific Competition competition between individuals of different species

4. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Competition Plants compete for water, light, minerals, and space. Some plants are better able to compete than others in a given portion of an ecosystem. These species exclude their competitors from that part of the ecosystem; this is called competitive exclusion.

5. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Predation Predation is an interaction where one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator refers to the organism that kills and consumes and Prey is an organism turns into someone's dine.

6. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Symbiosis refers to any relationship in which two species live closely together. Species always live together in communities, but some species interact in a much more intimate way. We call these more-intimate interactions a symbiosis .

7. THREE TYPES OF DIRECT INTERACTIONS Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism FLOWER & BEE SHARK AND REMORA FISH & ISOPOD

8. MUTUALISM Mutualism Mutualism is a form of symbiotic association between two biological organisms where both partners derive benefit. Examples of Mutualisms Pollination Pollinator may get: Food (nectar, pollen - high energy or high protein food) Mating advantage - some bees get scent molecules Nesting materials - some bees get wax for their nests Flowering plant gets: Efficiency of pollen transfer (compared to wind) Mixing of pollen from many plants and prevention of inbreeding Pollinators include flies, bees, wasps, bats, beetles, birds o any animal that visits the flower regularly may be a pollinator

9. Dispersal Mutualisms Fruits are plant rewards for animal dispersal of seeds Seeds often pass through the guts of dispersers without harm S ome seeds even benefit from this by being deposited with the manure as a fertilizer S ome seeds use the passage as a signal to germinate and will not do so without this MUTUALISM

10. Dispersal Mutualisms S ome plants protect the seed with toxins while making the fruit palatable peach seeds (pits) are full of cyanide S ome plants sacrifice some seeds to dispersers (seeds are usually very good food - lots of vitamins, protein and lipids) MUTUALISM

11. Dispersal Mutualisms Fruit colors are important signals make fruit apparent to dispersers (advertisements) green fruit often contain same toxins as other part of plant to stop herbivory when ripe, color change signals readiness in that the fruit has: lost it toxins been stocked with sugars MUTUALISM

12. Cleaning Mutualisms O ne species gets food by removing (and eating) ectoparasites of another P artner loses its parasites without having to clean itself on reefs, cleaner fish perform same function as shrimp birds eat parasites from outside of large herbivores (carabao) MUTUALISM

13. Defense Mutualisms One species gets food and/or shelter from another species Other partner gets protection from being eaten Ex. Ant-Acacia system Acacia Tree provides: place for ants to live in swollen base of tree. food for ants in form of special extension of leaves. MUTUALISM

14. Importance of Mutualism Mutualism once thought to be important in the way nature worked Mutualism fell out of favor: Competition/predation studies became more common Theory predicted either that mutualist populations became infinite in size or that an equilibrium was unstable (tended to go to extinction when perturbed from equilibrium point) MUTUALISM

15. Importance of Mutualism Correlated point is that you never see three-way mutualism (where there must be three partners present) and theory predicts that instability goes up very sharply as the number of partners increases Many feel that some mutualisms get their start as parasitic relationships and that evolution of the system may, under certain conditions; favor mutualism as the final outcome MUTUALISM

16. Commensalism happens when one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Commensalism means literally 'at table together. COMMENSALISM This is a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor harms. Often, the host species provides a home and/or transportation for the other species.

17. Parasitism Parasitism if one organism lives in or on another organism, obtaining from its host part of all of its nutritional needs. Ex. Fleas, lice, tapeworms. PARASITISM This is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species (parasite) benefits for growth and reproduction to the harm of the other species (host).

18. Parasitism Parasitism can be differentiated into ectoparasites and endoparasites , depending respectively, on whether they live on or in the host. Lice, flea, ticks, etc. are examples of ectoparasites. Tape-worms and the malaria parasite are examples of endoparasites. PARASITISM

19. A parasite is an organism that: lives on or in the body of another organism (the host) From whose tissues it gets its nourishment, and to whom it does some damage PARASITISM

20. Animals are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, flatworms (tapeworms and flukes), nematodes, insects (fleas, lice), and arachnids (mites). PARASITISM IN ANIMALS

21. Plants are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and a few other plants. PARASITISM

22. PARASITISM IN PLANTS A plant parasite is the Dodder ( Cuscuta sp.). It is often found twined round the stems of clover plants or grasses, which it damages severly . Each Dodder plant consists of a long slender yellow or pinkish stem, with the leaves reduced to tiny scales, and roots being absent except for a short time after germination. At intervals along the twining stem small rootlike structures, called haustoria, link the Dodder to its host and penetrate to the host's vascular bundles. Dodder ( Cuscuta sp .)

23. PARASITISM IN PLANTS this way the parasite obtains organic nutrients, water and mineral salts directly from the host. The Dodder is not fussy about its host. Any herbaceous plant can be infected. Woody plants are usually too hard for the haustoria to be able to penetrate If plants are densely packed, dodder will spread rapidly to adjacent plants. It can cause a great deal of damage to wheat or lucerne fields. Dodder ( Cuscuta sp .)

24. Parasites damage their host in two major ways: Consuming its tissues, e.g., hookworms Liberating toxins, for example, Tetanus bacilli secrete tetanus toxin which interferes with synaptic transmission. Diphtheria bacilli secrete a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis by ribosomes. PARASITISM

25. The relationship between parasite and host varies along a spectrum that extends from: "hit and run" parasites that live in their host for a brief period and then move on to another with or without killing the first host. parasites that establish chronic infections. Both parasite and host must evolve to ensure the survival of both because if the parasite kills its host before it can move on, it destroys its own meal ticket. PARASITISM

26. THANK YOU EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED TO EVERYTHING ELSE