05. Air Pollution pollution environment hazars -1.pptx

Air pollution ppt

1. Vd Kalpesh Dattani, Lecturer, ICAS Dept. of Swasthavritta and Yoga, SGAM, Jamnagar  Air and Air Pollution

2. Layers Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km Troposphere : 0 to 12 km

3. Layers 

4. Composition of Air Air is a mechanical mixture of gases. The normal composition of air by volume is approximately: 78.1% Nitrogen 20.94% Oxygen 0.9% Argon 0.03% Carbon dioxide 

5. Composition of Air The remaining balance is made up of other gases which occur in traces like Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen, Nitrogen dioxide & Helium. In addition, air also contains water vapours, traces of ammonia & suspended matter such as dust, bacteria, spores & vegetable debris. 

6. Factors affecting atmospheric environment Meterological variables: Degree of Sunshine Atmospheric pressure Humidity Rainfall Air temperature Geographical conditions: Distance from the equator Distance from the sea Nature of soil (rocky, sandy, loamy or clayey) Terrain (plain or hilly) Human activities and Industries: ……… 

7. Self Cleansing mechanisms Wind : dilutes & sweeps away the impurities by its movements Sunlight : The atmospheric temperature & sunlight oxidize the impurities & kills bacteria Rain : cleanses atmosphere by removing the suspended & gaseous impurities. Plant life : Green plants utilize the CO2 & generate O2 & visa versa at night 

8. AIR OF THE OCCUPIED ROOM Air forms the most immediate environment of man with which he is in constant contact throughout his life. The importance of clean air for man’s health is thus self evident. Even from a symbolic point of view, it is well to keep in mind that while a man consumes 1.2 kg of solid food and drinks 1.8 kg of liquids , he breathes as much as 14 kg of air per day .

9. AIR OF THE OCCUPIED ROOM Vitiated air may effect comfort and health. Man can experience of headache, drowsiness and inability to concentrate. There is also risk of droplet infection and lowered resistance to disease (on prolonged exposure) 

10. Some Facts about air A healthy human being requires 3000 sq ft purified air per hour. Child requires 2000 sq ft PA/hr Patient requires 3050 sq ft PA/ hr Animals 25 sq ft /1 pound(0.454Kg) wt / hr Adult healthy human 500 ml air / inspiration 12-14 breats per min

11. Air Due to human activity and occupancy some changes occur in air. Their may be Physical changes Chemical changes Biological changes 

12. PHYSICAL CHANGES Rise in temperature: due to emanation of body heat. A man at rest gives off approx. 400 BTU per hour. Under physical activity it may goes up to 4000 BTU per hour. (BTU is British thermal unit) Rise in humidity: due to moisture evaporated from lung and skin . Lung: expired air contains 6 % of water vapor Skin: due to perspiration man releases water vapour700gm/24 hour Sleeping : 18.4 gms /hour Vigorous exercise : 175 gms /hour

13. PHYSICAL CHANGES Decrease in air velocity: Body odours : it depends on social status, age, personal hygiene of people. 

14. CHEMICAL CHANGES At rest man gives off - 0.7 c.ft . CO 2 / hour During physical activity – 2 c.ft . CO 2 /hour Average output of CO 2 is 0.6/ c.ft . is taken. 

15. BIOLOGICAL CHANGES The exhaled air contains microorganisms. These organisms are discharged during conversations, coughing, sneezing and loud talking. 

16. THERMAL DISCOMFORT AND COMFORT ZONE Discomfort is a subjective sensation . Previously it was believed that discomfort is due to Chemical changes i.e. increased CO2 and decreased O2. but this theory has been rejected. Discomfort is due to Physical changes i.e. rise in temperature, humidity, air movement and heat radiation . 

17. PROFESSOR LEE: “THE PROBLEMS OF VENTILATION ARE PHYSICAL NOT CHEMICAL; CUTANEOUS NOT RESPIRATORY”. 

18. THERMAL DISCOMFORT AND COMFORT ZONE Pleasant and cool : 20 ˚C Comfortable and cool : 20-25˚C Comfortable : 25-27˚C Hot and uncomfortable : 27-28˚C Extremely hot : >28˚C Intolerably hot : >30˚C 

19. Air Pollution 

20. Air Pollution The term air pollution signifies the presence of substances in the surrounding atmosphere generated by the activities of man. It affects human health, safety and comfort and injures vegetation, animals and other environmental media. This in turn results in chemicals entering the food chain or being present in drinking water and therefore causes additional damage to humans. 

21. Types and Sources of Air Pollution Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful Two categories Primary Air Pollutant Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere Secondary Air Pollutant Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

22. Major Clauses of Air Pollutants Particulate Material Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides Carbon Oxides Hydrocarbons Ozone

23. Major Air Pollutants

24. Particulate Material Thousands of different solid or liquid particles suspended in air Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets Dangerous for 2 reasons May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs

25. Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature Problems Greenhouse gases Cause difficulty in breathing Sulfur Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen Causes acid precipitation

26. Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons Carbon Oxides Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Greenhouse gases Hydrocarbons Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH 4 - methane) Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

27. Ozone Tropospheric Ozone Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere Secondary air pollutant Component of photochemical smog Stratospheric Ozone Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it

28. Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution Two main sources Transportation Industry Intentional forest fires is also high

29. Air Pollution

30. Urban Air Pollution Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below) Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

31. Sources of Smog

32. Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing and Mexico City Beijing (left) Mexico City (above)

33. Effects of Air Pollution Low level exposure Irritates eyes Causes inflammation of respiratory tract Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

34. Health Effects of Air Pollution Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to exchange gases Nitrogen Dioxides Causes airway restriction Carbon monoxide Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death Ozone Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort

35. Children and Air Pollution Greater health threat to children than adults Air pollution can restrict lung development Children breath more often than adults Children who live in high ozone areas are more likely to develop asthma

36. Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition pH scale 

37. How Acid Deposition Develops 

38. Indoor Air Pollution Pollutants can be 5-100X greater than outdoors Most common: Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, pesticides , lead, cleaning solvents, ozone and asbestos 

39. AIR Speed 

40. AIR Pressure 

41. Air Humidity 

42. 

43. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution WHO recommended the following procedure for the prevention & control of air pollution: 1) Containment: It is prevention of escape of toxic materials into the ambient air. It is achieved by engineering methods such as enclosure, ventilation and air cleaning. 

44. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 2) Replacement: It is the replacement of a technological process causing air pollution by a new process that does not. Increased use of electricity in place of coal has greatly helped in smoke reduction. 

45. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 3) Dilution: It is valid so long as it is within the self-cleaning capacity of the environment. E.g.: Some air pollutants are readily removed by the vegetation. The establishment of green belts between industrial and residential area is an attempt at dilution. 

46. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 4) Legislation: Air pollution is controlled in many countries by suitable legislation; e.g.: Clean air acts; Govt. of India enacted The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 

47. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 5) International action: To deal with air pollution on a world wide scale, WHO has established an international network of laboratories for the monitoring and study of air pollution. The network consists of two international centers at London and Washington, three centers at Moscow, Nagpur and Tokyo and 20 laboratories in various parts of the world. 

48. Disinfection of Air 1) Mechanical ventilation: Reduces vitiated air and bacterial density. 2) UV radiation: Effective in situations such as operation theaters and infectious diseases wards. UV lamps are shaded and kept in the upper portion of the rooms near the inlet of air as direct exposure of eyes to and skin causes damage. 

49. Disinfection of Air 3) Chemical mists: Triethylene glucol vapous are effective air bactericides, especially against droplet nuclei and dust. 4 ) Dust control: Application of oil to floors of hospital wards reduces the bacterial content of the air. 

50. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING IN INDIA CPCB ( Central Pollution Control Board) has sponsored THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME since 1990. 

51. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING IN INDIA CPCB has sponsored THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME since 1990 .

52. Global Warming 

53. Global Warming Global warming is an unusual rapid increase in earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to excessive accumulation of greenhouse gases. 

54. Global Warming Greenhouse gases are a group of gases in our atmosphere which act as a blanket over the earth by not allowing heat to radiate by earth’s surface to escape into space. In this way, the greenhouse gases keep the earth at the right temperature for animals, plants and humans. The major greenhouse gases are water, vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. 

55. Main causes of Global Warming Increase in the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere due to deforestation. Increase in the amount of oxides of carbon & nitrogen produces during the combustion of fossil fuel like coal and petroleum partially or completely. Collection of chlorofluorocarbon in atmosphere due to use of aerosols in refrigerators and air conditioners & use of foams and fire extinguishers. 

56. Main causes of Global Warming Nitrogen oxides gas is produced by chemical fertilizers used in agriculture and by the combustion of fuel used in automobiles. Various biotic activates, agricultural activates and decay of organic wastes produce greenhouse gases. 

57. Effects of Global Warming Heat waves Expansion of desert area Natural fires in forest lands More evaporation of water from oceans and water bodies Melting of ice caps in Arctic and Antarctic regions Rise of the sea level 

58. Effects of Global Warming Flooding and submergence of low lying coastal areas Increased cloud formation in the atmosphere Shorter and warmer winters; longer and hotter summers Changes in rainfall pattern Disruption in farming 

59. Effects of Global Warming Increased drought Impact on plants, animals and humans 

60. Control & Remedial Measures Reduction in consumption of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum Use of bio-gas plants Use of nuclear power plants Increasing forestation Use of unleaded petrol in automobiles Installation of pollution control devices in automobiles and industries 

61. High Altitude Health Problems 

62. High Altitude High altitude can have a pathological effect on humans. It is caused by acute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude. It commonly occurs above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft.). It presents as a collection of non-specific symptoms, acquired at high altitude or in low air pressure, resembling a case of ‘flu, carbon monoxide poisoning or a hangover’. 

63. High Altitude It is difficult to determine who will be affected by altitude sickness as there are no specific factors that correlate with susceptibility to altitude sickness. However, most people can ascend to 2,400 metres without difficulties arising from the altitude. 

64. High Altitude Travelling in a short time to altitudes ranging from 9,000-15,000 ft. can lead to acute health problems. Acute mountain sickness is manifested as headache and vomiting. Other symptoms include breathlessness, sleeplessness and cough. Sudden induction to such high altitude has profound effect on the body. It can lead to hypertension, blood coagulation disorders and pulmonary hypertension. 

65. High Altitude The recommendation is that one can safely ascend from sea level to 8,000 ft. in 24 hours. 

66. Symptoms Severe dypsnoea Headache Vomiting Ataxia Staggering gait Fatigue Unconsciousness Abdominal pain Visual disturbances 

67. Thank you 