05 SOLAR SYSTEM information to learn.pptx

To review about solar system

1. 1

2. 2 SOLAR SYSTEM

3. 3 TOPIC TO BE COVERD Type of Solar System Type of Solar Panel Type of Inverters Load Cal For Solar System Testing of Solar System Installation Method of Solar Panel Testing of Solar System Type of Solar Pump Discharge Difference in Normal and Solar Panels Grading of Solar Panel Govt Policies for Instl of Solar Power System Net Metering System

4. 4 TOPIC TO BE COVERD Carbon Credit Saving Efficiency of Solar Panel Effect of Temp on Solar Panel Area req for Solar Panel Solar irradiance per Sq m in difference area in Pakistan

5. What is Solar Energy? Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun. Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves). Radiant energy from the sun has powered life on Earth for many millions of years . INTO OF SOLAR SYS The Sun & The Earth

6. ADVANTAGES All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth . Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused! DISADVANTAGES Sun does not shine consistently . Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity . Addressed by approaching the problem through: 1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage. INTO OF SOLAR SYS

7. S/No.1 - TYPE OF SOLAR SYS SOLAR SYSTEM The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the planets and the Sun plus other objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury. TYPES OF SOLAR SYS Grid Inter-tied Solar System Off Grid Solar Power System

8. S/No.1 - TYPE OF SOLAR SYS GRID INTER-TIED SOLAR SYSTEM Grid inter-tied solar power systems a grid inter-tied solar power system is directly connected to the source and to the traditional electric utility grid. Grid inter-tied systems allow the to get power from either the home electric system or the utility grid. Switching between the solar system and the grid is seamless. OFF GRID SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS An off-grid residential system is completely disconnected from the traditional electric power grid. Without a connection to the utility grid, batteries are essential to balance periods of excess production and excess demand.

9. S/NO.2 - TYPE OF SOLAR PANELS Solar Cell Type Efficiency-Rate Advantages Disadvantage Mon Crystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI) ~20% High efficiency rate; optimized for commercial use; high life-time value Expensive Polycrystalline Solar Panels (p-Si) ~15% Lower price Sensitive to high temperatures; lower lifespan & slightly less space efficiency Thin-Film: Amorphous Silicon Solar Panels (A-SI) ~7-10% Relatively low costs; easy to produce & flexible shorter warranties & lifespan Concentrated PV Cell (CVP) ~41% Very high performance & efficiency rate Solar tracker & cooling system needed (to reach high efficiency rate)

10. S/No.2 - TYPE OF SOLAR PANELS SOLAR PANEL Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert them into electricity or heat. Most solar panels are made up using crystalline silicon solar cells. Mono crystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI) Polycrystalline Solar Panels (Poly-SI) Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell (A-Si) MONO CRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS (MONO-SI) This type of solar panels (made of mono crystalline silicon) is the purest one. You can easily recognize them from the uniform dark look and the rounded edges. The silicon’s high purity causes this type of solar panel has one of the highest efficiency rates, with the newest ones reaching above 20%.

11. S/No.2 - TYPE OF SOLAR PANELS POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS (POLY-SI) This type of solar panels are made by melting raw silicon, which is a faster and cheaper process than that used for mono crystalline panel. You can quickly distinguish these panels because this type of solar panels has squares, its angles are not cut, and it has a blue, speckled look. THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS (TFSC) Thin-film solar panels are manufactured by placing one or more films of photovoltaic material (such as silicon, cadmium or copper) onto a substrate. These types of solar panels are the easiest to produce and economies of scale make them cheaper than the alternatives due to less material being needed for its production. AMORPHOUS SILICON Thin-film solar panels are manufactured by placing one or more films of photovoltaic material (such as silicon, cadmium or copper) onto a substrate. These types of solar panels are the easiest to produce and economies of scale make them cheaper than the alternatives due to less material being needed for its production.

12. S/No.3 - TYPE OF INVERTERS INVERTER Power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry . TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTERS Standard String Inverters Micro Inverters Battery Inverters Hybrid Inverters Grid-Tie Inverters Off-Grid Inverters

13. S/No.3 - TYPE OF INVERTERS STANDARD STRING INVERTERS Solar panels are installed in rows, each on a “string.” For example if you have 25 panels you may have 5 rows of 5 panels. Multiple strings are connected to one string inverter. Each string carries the DC power the solar panels produce to the string inverter where it’s converted into usable AC power consumed as electricity. Depending on the size of the installation, you may have several string inverters each receiving DC power from a few strings . Micro Inverters Micro inverters are also becoming a popular choice for residential and commercial installations. Like power optimizers, micro inverters are module-level electronics so one is installed on each panel. However, unlike power optimizers which do no conversion, micro inverters convert DC power to AC right at the panel and so don’t require a string inverter. Micro inverters also monitor the performance of each individual panel, while string inverters show the performance of each string. 

14. S/No.3 - TYPE OF INVERTERS BATTERY INVERTERS With the growth of solar storage , battery-based inverter/chargers are becoming increasingly important. Battery based inverter/chargers are bi-directional in nature, including both a battery charger  and an inverter.  They require a battery to operate.   Battery-based inverter/chargers may be grid-interactive, standalone grid-tied or off-grid, depending on their UL rating and design.  The primary benefit of inverter/chargers is that they provide for continuous operation of critical loads irrespective of the presence or condition of the grid . HYBRID INVERTERS An intelligent hybrid inverter or smart grid inverter is a trending generation of inverter for solar applications using renewable energy for home consumption, especially for solar photovoltaic installations. Some see this as a new technology, however in some parts of the world the application of such products has been around since the 1990s. Electricity from solar panels is generated only during the day, with peak generation around midday. Generation fluctuates and may not be synchronized with a load's electricity consumption

15. S/No.3 - TYPE OF INVERTERS GRID-TIE INVERTERS A grid-tie inverter converts direct current (DC) into an alternating current (AC) suitable for injecting into an electrical power grid, normally 120 V RMS at 60 Hz or 240 V RMS at 50 Hz. Grid-tie inverters are used between local electrical power generators: solar panel, win turbine, hydro-electric, and the grid. In order to inject electrical power efficiently and safely into the grid, grid-tie inverters must accurately match the voltage and phase of the grid sine wave AC waveform. OFF-GRID INVERTERS There`s no need for an inverter if you`re only setting up solar panels for your boat, your RV, or something else that runs on DC current. You will need an inverter to convert DC to AC for all other electrical appliances. Off-grid inverters do not have to match phase with the utility sine wave as opposed to grid-tie inverters. Electrical current flows from the solar panels through the solar charge controller and the bank battery bank before it is finally converted into AC by the off-grid-inverter.

16. S/No.4 - LOAD CAL FOR SOLAR SYS Name Of Equ i pment Wattage Quantity Usage Hours/day Watt hour/day Fan 100 W 2 7 1400 W/Hr Printer 100 W 1 0.2 20 W/Hr Computer 150 W 2 7 2100 W/Hr Light 40 W 3 7 840 W/Hr Laptop 100 W 1 7 700 W/Hr Total Watt 5 40 W Total watt/hour 5060 W/Hr

17. Total Watt/Hour Total hours of Sun light = 5060 W/Hr = 3000 Hrs / 365 Days =8.21 Hr /Day Size of Solar Panel = 5060 / 8.21 = 616 Watt Compensate for system inefficiencies. Every part of a solar powered system has some inefficiencies in it. The rule of thumb is if you are going to use an inverter (to produce AC) your total system inefficiency will be 30%. For systems that will be using the DC voltage directly from the battery bank, the inefficiency factor is 20%. So, to compensate for inefficiencies multiply your answer to step 3 by 1.3 (or 1.2, if there's no inverter). New size of solar panel = 616 * 1.3 = 800 W To determine how many solar panels you will need, take your answer from step 4 and divide it by the rated power output (watts) of the solar panel that you have chosen Total No. of Solar Panels Needed = (Total Solar Panel Watts Needed)/(Solar Panel Rated output) No. of Solar Panel needed = 800/200 = 4 Panels S/No.4 - LOAD CAL FOR SOLAR SYS

18. To determine the inverter size we must find the peak load or maximum wattage of your home. This is found by adding up the wattage of the appliances and devices that could be run at the same time. Include everything from microwaves and lights to computers and clocks. The sum will tell you which inverter size you need. Name Of Equ i pment Wattage Quantity Total equipment W att Fan 100 W 2 200 W Printer 100 W 1 100 W Computer 150 W 2 300 W Light 40 W 3 120 W Laptop 100 W 1 100 W Total Watt 820 W S/No.4 - LOAD CAL FOR SOLAR SYS

19. Once you have sized your battery bank and solar panel array, determining which charge controller to use is comparatively straight forward. All we have to do is find the current through the controller by using power = voltage x current . Take the power produced by the solar panels and divide by the voltage of the batteries . FOR EXAMPLE: Example : Our solar array is producing 800 W and charging battery bank is of 12 V. Then the controller size will be = 800/12 = 67 A Now multiply the value of safety factor 1.25 with the value of size controller = 67 * 1.25 = 84 A S/No.4 - LOAD CAL FOR SOLAR SYS

20. S/N0. 5 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS SOLAR SYSTEM These instructions will allow you to test your solar panel and charge controller for basic functionality. Prior to conducting any tests it is suggested to verify the system wiring is correct and intact. Check all the connections and terminals for good electrical contact as this is the number one culprit of nonperforming systems. If all the connections appear to be in order, check the fuses in the system to ensure they are not blown. If all of these preliminary checks are ok, you will simply need a multi meter capable of measuring voltage (V) and current (A) and sunlight. OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC) OPERATING CURRENT

21. OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) Disconnect the solar panel completely from the battery and regulator. While the solar panel is directly in the sunlight, measure the voltage by connecting the negative (COM) test lead from the multi meter to the negative MC4 connector and the positive test lead on the multi meter to the positive MC4 connector. If the measurement is zero, then the junction box on the back of the solar panel should be opened with a flat-head screw driver. Then the measurement can be taken directly from the positive and negative terminals inside the junction box S/N0. 5 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS

22. OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) Disconnect the solar panel completely from the battery and regulator Angle the solar panel towards the sun Ensure that the multi meter is set to measure Volts Ensure that the multi meter is set to measure Volts Measure the voltage between the + ve and - ve terminals by connecting the negative contact from the voltmeter to the negative on the panel and the positive contact on the voltmeter to the positive on the panel S/N0. 5 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS

23. SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT, AMPS (ISC): Disconnect the solar panel completely from the battery and regulator Angle the solar panel towards the sun Ensure that the multi meter is set at 10A, at least to start with. You can change the setting later if required. Measure the current by connecting the + ve lead on the voltmeter to the + ve on the panel and the - ve from the voltmeter to the - ve on the panel S/N0. 5 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS

24. OPERATING CURRENT, AMPS (IL): Connect the panel to the regulator and battery. Ensure that the multi meter is set at 10A, at least to start with. You can change the setting later if required. Disconnect the positive cable between the battery and the regulator Measure the operating current by connecting the + ve from the multi meter to the positive cable from the regulator, and the - ve from the meter to the positive battery terminal. This measures the current that the panel (and charge controller) are passed to the battery. If you connect  the meter the wrong way round then you will get a negative current showing. Remember, if the battery is full it may not be accepting current, resulting in a low reading. S/N0. 5 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS

25. S/NO.6 - INSTALLATION METHODS OF SOLAR PANELS INSTALLATION METHOD GROUND MOUNT ROOF MOUNT POLE MOUNT Fixed Solar Panel Mount Adjustable Solar Panel Mount GROUND MOUNT Generally , ground mount solar panels cost a bit more than rooftop solar on a per-watt basis because of additional labor and permitting that may be required for the installation. That being said, if your property isn’t ideal for rooftop solar, installing a ground-mounted system can actually save you more money in the long run. Rooftop solar arrays are restricted by the characteristics of the roof on which they are installed. If your roof isn’t at the right angle, doesn’t face south, or has obstructions like chimneys or skylights, then your solar array will be less productive. On the other hand, ground-mounted solar panels can be located wherever the conditions are best.

26. S/NO.6 - INSTALLATION METHODS OF SOLAR PANELS ROOF MOUNT When installing a module on a roof or building, ensure that it is securely fastened and cannot fall as a result of wind or snow loads. Provide adequate ventilation under a module for cooling (10cm minimum air space between module and mounting surface), a fire resistant covering is necessary . POLE MOUNT Pole mounts support multiple solar panels on a single pole and elevate panels higher off the ground than a standard ground mount. Pole mounts often incorporate tracking systems, which automatically tilt the solar panels to capture the optimal amount of sunshine. Tracking systems can increase the production of your solar panels by 25 percent or more.

27. S/NO.6 - INSTALLATION METHODS OF SOLAR PANELS FIXED SOLAR PANEL MOUNTS If you use the most simple and least expensive type of solar panel kit mounting system, it will be completely stationary. The solar panels should always face the equator. (due south in the northern hemisphere). Don’t forget that true south varies from magnetic south. This can make a huge difference. For example, true south in eastern Washington state is 161 on a compass instead of 180. The angle of inclination (tilt) in degrees should be set to about your latitude. Slightly more than your latitude will favor the winter sun and slightly less will favor the summer sun . Adjustable Solar Panel Mount The angle of inclination (tilt) of an adjustable solar panel mount can be changed 2 or more times during the year to account for the lower angle of the sun in winter as the earth orbits the sun causing seasonal change. A good rule of thumb is latitude + 15 degrees in the winter and latitude – 15 degrees in the summer. This will increase overall solar panel output by approximately 25%. I adjust my solar panel array 4 times per year .

28. S/NO.7 - TESTING OF SOLAR SYS Already brief in Slide No. 05

29. S/NO.8 - TYPE OF SOLAR PUMPS SOLAR PUMPING SYSTEM Solar water pumps are designed to use the direct current (DC) provided by a PV array, although some newer versions use a variable frequency AC motor and a three-phase AC pump controller that enables them to be powered directly by the solar modules. TYPE OF SOLAR PUMP Submersible Solar Pumps Surface Solar Pumps Linear Current Boosters for Solar Pumps Fountain Solar Pumps Pool Solar Pumps Transfer Solar Pumps Circulation Pumps in ponds Providing water for livestock Irrigation pumps

30. S/NO.9 - DISCHARGE DIFFERENCE IN NORMAL AND SOLAR PUMPS Normal water pumping is attractive due to the large power range of the pumps and the availability of water when it is needed. It can pump water for varying daily demands through longer operating periods (assuming sufficient borehole strength), thus allowing for the flexibility required in some applications . Solar water pumps are often thought of as being an expensive technology, which is not able to pump enough water and which is not durable . However, solar water pumps have come a long way in 25 years and today there are solar pumps on the market which have improved on previous technology . Submersible pumps which can pump up to 200m heads. Pumps that are able to pump larger volumes of water, e.g .: at 100m, about 10,000 liters per day; and at 50m, about 20,000 liters per day.

31. Low maintenance requirements (3 to 5 years ). Good performance which means fewer solar panels to pump the same amount of Water . Some of the pump models can be backed-up by a genset to pump additional water with the same pump during the night or during overcast days. Good quality and reliability . Simple to install Solar pumps are “good” for boreholes as they pump over the whole day Weak boreholes can be used effectively with a low volume pump due to pumping 8 to 10 hours a day Solar pumps offer clean solutions with no danger of borehole contamination. S/NO.9 - DISCHARGE DIFFERENCE IN NORMAL AND SOLAR PUMPS

32. S/N0.10 - GRADING OF SOLAR PANELS SOLAR PANEL GRADING Grade A Visual Appearance ,Perfect. No flaws can be detected from max 1 feet away. Chipping of solar cells on the sides, Max 1mm x 1mm Power : The power is within -2% to +10% of the tested rated power. Power guarantee : Minimum 90% power up to 10 years into the future after sales date. Minimum 80% power up to 25 years into the future after sales date . Grade A   Solar cells are the elements of the highest quality. They lack chips, cracks and scratches, which lead to a decrease in the efficiency of conversion of solar energy into electricity. They have an ideal appearance, uniformity of crystals, colors, etc. If two halves of different elements are put side by side, it is impossible to distinguish them from each other. The filling factor of the CVC of such elements is more than 0.7. Elements of Grade A have the smallest defects at the start, their degradation will be the slowest. Manufacturers of Level 1 make solar modules under their brand using only elements of Grade A. Such modules usually have only a positive tolerance (i.e. the capacity of the modules is always higher than the passport one) and lower temperature coefficients.

33. Grade B   Solar cells have visual defects and have a lower filling factor of the CVC characteristic. Their price is usually a bit lower than that of the elements of Grade A. As they say -second grade is not a defect", but the manufacturers of elements consider such elements as a defect and never make modules under their brand using this grade. The main difference from Grade A is visual defects, and not always, but it is possible to get good performance comparable to Grade A. However, there is one more factor -the filling factor of the CVC characteristic (see the reference above). Therefore, in Grade A it is from 0.7 and above. Many sellers of modules from such elements assure that there is no difference in performance and parameters of the modules from the elements of Grade B, and defects are only visual that nobody will notice on the roof except installers and birds. This is not true. These elements "grow old" faster and even initially their productivity is less - you can see this by making simple calculations and comparing the received power per unit area of modules from elements of Grade B and Grade A. NOTED : CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS (CVC) S/N0.10 - GRADING OF SOLAR PANELS

34. Grade C   Solar cells have defects that affect their operation and performance. Energy production by these elements is lower than elements of Grade A or B. The price is much cheaper. Micro cracks are visually seen, broken pieces of elements are broken and so on. No self-respecting manufacturer makes uses Grade C modules, they usually go to third-rate producers and are called "self-made" (which are happy with the price of such elements). The efficiency of such elements is always less than 12%. Modules of Grade C can be used only in systems with low voltage to charge batteries 12-24-48V. S/N0.10 - GRADING OF SOLAR PANELS

35. S/N0.10 - GRADING OF SOLAR PANELS

36. S/N0.11 - GOVT POLICIES OF INSTL OF SOLAR POWER SYS INSTITUTIONS OF POWER SECTOR Major regulatory agencies are set out by 2006 RE Policy that developers have to engage . NEPRA (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority) In accordance with the 1997’s Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act, NEPRA remains the sole appointed regulator of the power sector. The establishment of NEPRA is to allow for a commercially oriented, competitive and transparent Pakistan power market. NEPRA generally issues licenses of power generation, enforces and establishes standards, and approves utility companies’ power acquisition and investment programs while determining the investment tariffs in cases of bulk generation as well as retail distribution and transmission of electric energy . AEDB (Alternative Energy Development Board) AEDB is an autonomous body established with the goal of facilitating and promoting renewable power projects exploitation across Pakistan. The board is designated as a federal level one-window type of facilitator for processing all kinds of solar projects. AEDB issues the LOI (Letter Of Intent), basically the initial contract entered by a developer with the board. It’s also worth observing AEDB has already developed the EPA (Energy Purchase Agreement), a standard agreement for power purchase including the IA (Implementation Agreement), government support agreement .

37. S/N0.11 - GOVT POLICIES OF INSTL OF SOLAR POWER SYS

38. NET METERING Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the grid. For example, if a residential customer has a PV system on the home's rooftop, it may generate more electricity than the home uses during daylight hours.. S/N0.12 – NET METERING SYSTEM

39. S/N0.12 – NET METERING SYSTEM

40. S/N0.12 – NET METERING SYSTEM

41. S/N0.12 – NET METERING SYSTEM

42. S/NO.13 - CARBONS CREDIT SAVING CARBON CREDIT A credit indicates trust, and a carbon credit is the proof of the amount of reduction in CO2 emissions . Carbon credits are specified in the Kyoto Protocol adopted by the Framework Convention on Climate Change. In a developed country with a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target (i.e ., allowance amount), the carbon credit system is one in which credits can be traded and can offset the CO2 emissions that cannot be reduced only by efforts in the country of origin. The United Nations validates the credits; some credits receive certification from an accredited independent entity, and some from the government of their own country. These carbon credits have been designated as the clean development mechanism (CDM), which has obtained recognition from the United Nations . Installation of solar systems not only save money but also save atmosphere with reducing carbon which produced from old traditional energy generation methods i.e from coil, gas, etc.

43. S/NO.13 - CARBONS CREDIT SAVING

44. S/NO.13 - CARBONS CREDIT SAVING

45. S/NO.14 - EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANELS ENERGY Energy in sunlight comes in packets called photons. These photons carry a specific amount of energy depending on their wavelength. As wavelength decreases, the energy of a photon increases. These photons excite electrons in the solar cell, which causes them to flow through the circuitry, creating electrical current . Factors that Affect Solar Power Production SUN INTENSITY When the sun is in its peak (intense), during midday, the most solar energy is collected; therefore, there is an increase in the power output CLOUD COVER Cloudy days contribute to the decrease in sunlight collection effectiveness since clouds reflect some of the sun’s rays and limit the amount of sun absorption by the panels RELATIVE HUMIDITY During summer days when the temperature is at its highest and heat is built up quickly, the solar power output is reduced by 10% to 25% for the reason that too much heat increases the conductivity of semiconductor making the charges balance and reducing the magnitude of the electric field HEAT BUILDUP In addition, if humidity penetrates into the solar panel frame, this can reduce the panel’s performance producing less amount of power and worse can permanently deteriorate the performance of the modules.

46. S/NO.14 - EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANELS ICE Builds up on the surface of solar cells when no silicon coating is applied. The build up of ice can potentially decreases solar panel efficiency by 25 to 100%. CHEMICAL RESIDUE For chemical residue to dissolve at least 20 mm of rainfall has to land on the surface of the solar cells. Research has shown a  reduction of 0.2%  in solar panel efficiency when they are covered in a layer of chemical build up. UV DEGRADATION A solar cell structure can be delaminated by  UV induced degradation . Another consequence can be the discoloration of individual solar cells. DAMP HEAT TESTING Damp heat testing is carried out to test the durability of solar panels in  highly humid conditions .  Humidity can lead to corrosion and to module connection failure and an overall decrease of solar panel efficiency. INSULATION RESISTANCE Insulation resistance is determined by material strength. In weak materials, current leakage can occur on the edges of the solar panel.  THERMAL CYCLING Thermal cycling can cause solar panel components to fail. These components include solar cells, interconnections, solder bonds and module connections. 

47. S/NO.14 - EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANELS

48. S/NO.15 - EFFECT OF TEMP ON SOLAR PANELS EFECT OF TEMPERATURE The main effect of temperature on solar panels is that it reduces the efficiency of the solar cells at converting solar energy (sunlight) into electricity. In other words, the chemical reactions that occur within the solar panels. So on a hot day, when panel temperatures may reach 45 C, a panel with a temperature coefficient of -0.5% would result in a maximum power output reduction of 10%. Conversely, if it was a sunny winter’s morning, the panels will actually be more efficient .

49. S/No.16 - AREA REQ FOR SOLAR PANELS AREA REQ FOR SOLAR PLANT Certain solar panels in market can use as high as 90% of rooftop area, but have much higher cost. As a thumb rule, 10 Sq meter area is required for 1 Kw capacity solar system. A 1 MW solar PV power plant should require about 100000 Sq. Feet (about 2.5 acres, or 1 hectare). 5 PARAMETERS ARE CONSIDERED WHILE DECIDED OF AREA Shadow test Rooftop type Sizing of solar system System output (annual units generated Pricing of Solar system

50. 1. SHADOW TEST To collect maximum sunlight during the day, the solar PV panel should face as much south as possible. The rooftop must be checked for the shadows of trees or adjoining builds etc., particularly from south direction. A clear rooftop without any shadow from all around is an ideal case for solar PV installations. In case there is shadow on rooftop, a detailed analysis of time and direction of sunlight needs to be performed by an expert to estimate the energy received by rooftop . 2. ROOF TOP TYPE The load carrying capacity of the roof should be checked . The solar panels with structure typically weigh 15Kg per Sq. meter. This weight varies with technology and type of structure . S/No.16 - AREA REQ FOR SOLAR PANELS

51. SOLAR IRRADIANCE PER sq m IN DIFF AREA IN PAK SIZING OF SOLAR SYSTEM Size of solar system depends on the rooftop area available for panels. This can be calculated by dividing the available area by each panel area and multiplying it by panel’s rated output. For estimate purpose, 70% of rooftop area can be used for panel’s installation. Certain solar panels in market can use as high as 90% of rooftop area, but have much higher cost. As a thumb rule, 10 Sq meter area is required for 1 Kw capacity solar system.  SYSTEM OUTPUT (ANNUAL UNITS GENERATED) The output per panel and hence system output depends on panel efficiency and the solar radiation at the site. These two factors define CUF (Capacity Utility Factor) for solar system for a particular location. For India typically 19% CUF is taken for estimation. The annual number of units generated by solar system can be calculated as :

52. SOLAR IRRADIANCE PER sq m IN DIFF AREA IN PAK UNITS GENERATED ANNUALLY (IN KWH) System Size in Kw * CUF * 365 * 24 As a thumb rule, 1 Kw capacity solar system generates 1600 – 1700 Kwh of electricity per year. The CUF varies with the geographical location of the installation site. Following table summarizes indicative CUFs at different cities in Pakistan P RICING OF SOLAR SYSTEM: A typical rooftop solar system without battery and without grid connection costs Rs.125 per Wp . A system with battery with 5 hrs backup typically costs Rs.200 per Wp . These rates are for smaller systems upto 250 Kw capacity. For larger systems, price per Wp reduces and is typically in the range of Rs.100 per Wp for MW size systems. In addition to the above decision criteria, it maybe worthwhile for the prospective project developer to weigh in on the financial incentives in their business cases. A quick overview of the financial incentives available for the solar projects is presented below.

53. SOLAR IRRADIANCE PER sq m IN DIFF AREA IN PAK SOLAR IRRADANCE Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering.. In Quetta, average solar radiation is 6.016 (kWh/m^2/day) with an average of 164(W/m^2) plane of array irradiance. Krypton Energy is one of the reliable solar power companies in Pakistan to design, install and maintain a reliable solar PV solution Quetta

54. SOLAR IRRADIANCE PER sq m IN DIFF AREA IN PAK

55. THANKS