1 Climate and Soil for training of trainers.WV English.pdf

This is a presentation made for trainers on soil and climate under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka

1. Resource Person – Dr. P.B. Dharmasena
Building Resilience and Strengthening Community
Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
TRAINING OF TRAINERS
PROGRAMME - 1
Soil and Climate

2. Objectives
•Agriculture- Improve income generation for farmers by increasing
agricultural production and mitigating the impacts of climate shocks on
crop yields.
Climate Smart Agriculture is a package of farming practices
recommended to mitigate the impacts of climate change and
improve productivity and resilience
•Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and Practice - Improve the efficiency and
capacity of disaster management structures within the targeted communities to
improve community awareness and response to a variety of possible hazards
•Economic Recovery and Market Systems - Restore livelihood opportunities
within targeted vulnerable communities that will support community-wide
economic diversification and improve household resilience to shocks
Project: Building Resilience and Strengthening
Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka

3. Project Components
•Agriculture –
–Improving Agricultural Production
–Seed System Security
•Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and Practice –
–Building Community Awareness/Mobilization
–Capacity Building and Training
–Integration/Enhancement of DRR within Education and
Research
–Policy and Planning
•Economic Recovery and Market Systems
–Livelihoods Restoration



Project: Building Resilience and Strengthening
Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka

4. Climate and Soil
•Climate of Sri Lanka
•Major soil groups in Kilinochchi
District
•In brief
–Land degradation and Sustainable
land management
–Climate change
–Emission of greenhouse gases

5. What is Climate ?
•Climate is the average atmospheric
conditions of a certain place over a
long period of time
•Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere at a particular place and
time.
•Climate is what you expect
•Weather is what you get

6. Low Country < 300 m
Mid Country 300 – 900 m
Up Country > 900 m
Elevation
L
M
U

7. Climatic Seasons in Sri Lanka


•First Inter-Monsoon (FIM) – March &
April

•Southwest Monsoon (SWM)- May –
September

•Second Inter-Monsoon (SIM)- October &
November

•Northeast Monsoon (NEM) – December -
February

8. Climatic zones of Sri Lanka
Rainfall

below 1,750 mm - Dry zone

1,750 - 2,500 mm - Inter mediate
zone

above 2,500 mm - Wet zone

9. Agro-Ecological Zones of Sri Lanka
•24 agro-ecological
zones (RF &
Altitude), combined
with effects of soil,
land form and land
use (agricultural
activities)
•49 sub-zones
•WZ – 16
•IZ – 20
•DZ - 13
DRY ZONE

INTERMEDIATE ZONE

WET ZONE

10. Sub zoning
•Each AER is denoted by a 4-character code consisting of
letters and a number; (eg:.DL1a)
•Three major rainfall zones are indicated by the first upper
case letter of the code (W, I and D);
•Three categories of elevation are noted by the second
upper case letter of the code (L, M and U);
•The numerical character in the third place of the code
represents the degree of wetness on the scale of 1  5
where 1 represents the most favorable
•The lower case letter in the fourth place indicates a sub-
region as determined by rainfall and other physical
environmental factors. The degree of wetness decreases
from a  f .

11. W L 1 a
W L 1 b
W L 2 a
W L 2 b
W L 3
W M 1 a
W M 1 b
W M 2 a
W M 2 b
W M 3 a
W M 3 b
W U 1
W U 2 a
W U 2 b
W U 3
WET ZONE CLIMATE

12. I L 1 a
I L 1 b
I L 1 c
I L 2
I L 3
I M 1 a
I M 1 b
I M 1 c
I M 2 a
I M 2 b
I M 3 a
I M 3 b
I M 3 c
I U 1
I U 2
I U 3 a
I U 3 b
I U 3 c
I U 3 d
I U 3 e
INTERMEDIATE ZONE CLIMATE

13. D L 1 a
D L 1 b
D L 1 c
D L 1 d
D L 1 e
D L 1 f
D L 2 & D L 3
D L 2 a
D L 2 b
D L 3
D L 3 & D L 4
D L 4
D L 5
DRY ZONE CLIMATE

14. •A distinct yala season
•Short term (< 3 months) crops
rainfed in yala season
(sesame, meneri, mungbean)
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
1,100 mm
•Inadequate yala rainfall
•No rainfed cultivation possible
during yala
•Annual Rainfall expectancy – 650
mm
Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Low Country Dry Zone AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 13
Districts – Puttalam, Mannar, Vavuniya, Anuradhapura, Mulaithivu, Kilinochchi, Jaffna,
Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Hambantota, Polonnaruwa and parts of Kurunegala, Matale,
Ampara and Monaragala

15. •Distinct yala season
•Rainfed cultivation is possible in
yala season
•Permanent and commercial crops
•Annual rainfall expectancy –
1,400 mm
•Short term (< 3 months) crops
rainfed in yala season (sesame,
meneri, mungbean)
•Annual rainfall expectancy – 1,200
mm
Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Low Country Intermediate AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 5
Districts – Puttalam, Kurunegala, Matale, Badulla, Monaragala, Hambantota, Ratnapura
and Matara

16. •Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
2,000 mm
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy – 1,100
mm
Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Mid Country Intermediate AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 8
Districts – Matale, Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Monaragala, Ratnapura

17. Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Up Country Intermediate AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 7
Districts – Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
2,400 mm
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
1,400 mm

18. Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Up Country Wet AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 4
Districts – Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Ratnapura
•Distinct Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
3,100 mm
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
1,800 mm

19. •Distinct Uni modal rainfall
pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
3,300 mm
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
1,400 mm
Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
Mid Country Wet AE Zones: 3, Sub zones - 6
Districts – Kandy, Matara, Ratnapura, Kegalle

20. Rainfall Variation within the Agro-ecological Zone
LOw Country Wet AE Zones: 4, Sub zones - 5
Districts – Galle, Kaluthara, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Colombo, Gampaha
•Distinct Uni modal rainfall
pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
3,200 mm
•Uni modal rainfall pattern
•Permanent and commercial
crops
•Annual Rainfall expectancy –
1,700 mm

21. Kandawalai
Karachchi
Pachchilaipalli
Punakari
DS Divisions of Kilinochchi District

22. Agro-ecological Regions of Kilinochchi District

23. 0
50
100
150
200
250
JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC
DRF mm
Month
Agro-ecological Zone DL3
Annual DRF = 800 mm DS Divisions: Chavakachcheri, Chankani, Karachchi, Kandawali,
Kalpitiya, Mundalama

24. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC
DRF mm

Month
Agro-ecological Zone DL4
Annual DRF = 750 mm Agro-ecological Regions of Kilinochchi District

25. Relationship of Climate to the crop
cultivation

•Rainfall – Water supply, soil erosion, crop losses, flower
losses
•Soil moisture condition – tillage, soil moisture
requirement for the crop
•Sun light – Photosynthesis, hormone activities,
maintenance of soil temperature
•Optimum atmospheric and soil temperature – sprouting,
pod/ seed setting, for best growth
•Relative Humidity – crop growth and crop production
are seriously affected. Yield quality, pest and diseases
losses are intensified
• Wind – flower fall, pod fall, crop losses, process of
pollen carrier, pest movements.

26. Basic factors affecting agricultural production
Climate Factors Soil Factors Crop Factors
1.Precipitation
(quantity,
distribution)
2.Air temperature
3.Relative
humidity
4.Light (quantity,
intensity,
duration)
5.Altitude/ latitude
6.Wind (velocity,
distribution)
7.CO
2
concentration
1.Organic matter
2.Texture
3.Structure
4.Cation Exchange
Capacity
5.Base saturation
6.Slope and
topography
7.Soil temperature
8.Soil management
factors (tillage,
drainage, others)
9.Depth (root zone)
1.Crop species/
Variety
2.Planting date
3.Seeding rate and
geometry (row
spacing)
4.Seed quality
5.Evapo-
transpiration
6.Water availability
7.Nutrition
8.Pests (insects,
diseases, weeds)
9.Harvest efficiency

27. Reddish Brown Earths & Low Humic Gley
Red Yellow Podzolic
Alluvial soils
Red & Yellow Latasols
Soil Map of Sri Lanka
Immature Brown Loam
Solodized Solonets
Non Calcic Brown
Sandy Regosol

29. RBE (Rhodustalfs)
 Largest extent of the land in the dry zone
 Characteristic reddish brown colour
 Series: Medawachchiya, Aluthwewa,
Anamaduwa, Ranorawa, Thadarathu,
Siyambalanduwa, Ranna, Nonagama,
Kotawehera mankada, Walawe, Ulhitiya
 Soil catenary sequence
Well Drained Imperfectly Drained Poorly Drained
RBE
LHG

30. Characteristics of RBE Soils
Physical Properties
Soil Depth - Moderate (60 cm – 150 cm)
Texture - Sandy clay loam
Structure - Strong sub angular blocky
Infiltration - 3 – 9 cm in 4 hours
Available Moisture 130 – 170 mm/m
Consistency - Hard when dry
Slightly friable when moist
Very sticky when wet

31. Low Humic Gley Soils (Tropaqualfs)
 Third most extensive soil group in Sri
Lanka
 Located at the foot slopes of the
undulating landscape
 Characterized by the wetness or gleying
through the profile
 Availability of calcite concretions
Physical Properties
Texture - Sandy clay to clay
Structure - Sub angular blocky to
massive
WHC - Fairly good

32. Soil groups in Kilinochchi District
Red Yellow
Latosols
Solodized Solonetz and
Solonchaks
Sandy Regosol
Alluvials

33. Soil type Terrain
condition
Kilinochchi
(ha)
% of
total
Sandy Regosols flat 19,000 15.3
Alluvials flat 37,410 30.2
SolodizedSolonetz&
Solonchaks
flat 21,100 17.0
Red Yellow Latosols Flat to slightly
undulating
46,300 37.4
Total 123,810
Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

34. Sandy Regosols
•This soil is derived from coastal
sand deposits
•Drainage varies from well,
imperfectly to poor
•Because of sandy nature crops
such as annual crops, fruit crops
and coconut can be grown
successfully .
•Poorly drained Regosols are
suitable for rainfed paddy
cultivation
•In some areas the soil is affected
with salts

Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

35. Alluvials – Murunkan Series
•This is a deep, very poorly drained, soil
which is derived from alluvial deposition.
• The occurrence of this soil is confined to
flood plains
•Colour of the soil varies from dark bluish
grey to dark greenish grey.
•Texture of the soil is clay throughout the soil
profile
•Structure of the surface horizon is massive
columnar like blocks
•deep cracks are found on the surface soil
during the dry season
•Surface of the land shows gilgi formation
due to shrinking and swelling of clay in the
soil with wetting and drying.





Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

36. Solodized Solonetz - Tondaimanar
Series
•This is a deep, very poorly drained
soil
•This soil is confined to lagoons
•Found in depressions near sea also
due to frequent high tides
•Surface soil is greyish brown in
colour with sandy loam texture
•This soil could be submerged
during high tidal
•Groundwater table is close to
surface







Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

37. Yellow Latosols - Thanniyuttu
Series
•This is a deep, imperfectly
drained, soil which is derived
from decomposition of old
marine sand deposition
•The occurrence of this soil is
confined to mid and lower
slopes
•Colour of the surface soil is
dark greyish brown.
•Texture of the soil varies from
sandy loam to sandy clay loam
Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

38. Red Latasols - Gambura
Series
•This is a deep, excessively
well drained, soil which is
derived from decomposing
marine sand dune deposits.
•The occurrence f this soil is
confined to elevated
positions of the level
terrain
•Colour of the surface soil is
dusky red
•Texture of the surface soil
is loamy sand.
Soil Groups in Kilinochchi District

39. Land degradation is the loss of
biological and economic
productivity of a land.
This is a consequence of
following processes due to human
activities
•Soil erosion caused by water or
wind
•Deterioration of physical,
chemical, biological and
economic quality of the soil
•Salinity development due to
poor drainage
Land Degradation

40. Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management
•To maintain the long-term productivity
of land sustainable land management is
required
•Sustainable land management means
‘use of the land to meet human needs,
while ensuring long-term production
potential and maintaining ecological
functions’
•Here the land includes soil, water, flora
and fauna
•Therefore, the land means the whole
ecosystem in more practical way
•That means ‘land degradation is long-
term depletion of the production
potential and function of the ecosystem’
•So, sustainable land management is
maintenance of production potential and
functions of the ecosystem

41. Climate is the long-term average (generally about
30 years) of weather observed in a place during a
certain time of the year
 Although we expect that the weather varies daily,
the climate will be relatively constant
If the climate is not constant we call that as a
climate change
The main question is that whether this change is
realistic. It depends on the level of climate
variability
Most decisive factor is the understanding of the
difference between climate variability and the
climate change
What is Climate Change?

42. What is a greenhouse gas?
A greenhouse gas is any gas causing the
greenhouse effect

43. Impact of Greenhouse
Gases
GHG Life time in the
atmosphere
H
2O 10 days
CO
2 5-200 years
CH
4 10 years
N
2O 115 years
HFC 1-250 years
Other F gases > 2500 years
Percent contribution to
total GHG emission

45. Greenhouse gases –
Agriculture Sector
45

46. Main Greenhouse Gases in Agriculture
•Manure - N
2O and CH
4.
•Paddy farming - CH
4.
•Enteric fermentation - CH
4.
•Crop residue burning - CO
2 and N
2O
•Organic soil farming - CH
4