1. INDIAN AND GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO.pptx

Presents the Energy scenario in the context of India and world

1. INDIAN AND GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO by D r . S. Pugalendhi , Emeritus professor D r . J. Gitanjali , teaching assistant E r . T. ayisha naziba , i - m.tech . ( ree )

2. ENERGY Energy is the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms . Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another.  Energy can be converted from one form to another in various other ways. Usable mechanical or electrical energy is, for instance, produced by many kinds of devices, including fuel-burning heat engines, generators, batteries,  fuel. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal to the work done by a one-newton force acting over a one-metre  distance cells , and  magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)  systems.

3. FORMS OF ENERGY

4. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes.  Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas.  The advantage of these non-renewable resources is that power plants that use them are able to produce more power on demand. The non-renewable energy resources are Coal Nuclear Oil Natural gas

5. INDIA VS WORLD INDIA WORLD POPULATION 1.4 billion 7.9 billion OIL CONSUMPTION 4.7 million barrels/day 88.7 million barrels/day OIL RESERVES 4.5 billion barrels 1732 billion barrels ENERGY CONSUMPTION 32 Exajoules 580 Exajoules

6. TOP 10 POWER PRODUCERS

7. TOP 10 POWER CONSUMERS

8. INDIAN CRUDE OIL IMPORTS

9. COST OF INDIAN CRUDE IMPORTS

10. RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable resources, on the other hand, replenish themselves. The five major renewable energy resources are: Solar Wind Water, also called hydro Biomass, or organic material from plants and animals Geothermal, which is naturally occurring heat from the earth

11. GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO

12. OIL, NATURAL GAS AND COAL DEMAND IN THE STEPS IN WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

13. TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY

14. CHANGE IN GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

15. INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

16. INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO ENERGY PERCENTAGE Thermal reduced by 0.98 Hydro increased by 3.51 Nuclear Increased by 7.41 Solar, Wind and Other RES 6.44 Overall Growth rate recorded by 0.52

17. ANNUAL GROWTH IN POWER GENERATION YEAR Growth in Fossil Fuel Generation (%) Growth in Renewable Generation (Including Hydro ) (%) Growth in Non-Fossil Fuel (RE + Nuclear) Generation (%) Growth in Total Generation (%) 2011-12 6.6 17.5 18.30 9.14 2012-13 7.3 - 5.9 - 4.78 4.46 2013-14 4.2 10.0 9.05 5.23 2014-15 10.8 1.3 1.91 8.84 2015-16 7.5 - 1.8 - 0.97 5.69 2016-17 5.3 8.9 7.68 5.80 2017-18 4.3 11.1 9.55 5.35 2018-19 3.4 14.3 12.09 5.19 2019-20 - 2.7 12.7 13.99 0.95 2020-21 - 1.0 2.1 0.86 - 0.52 2021-22* 9.5 5.7 5.7 8.5

18. ENERGY INVESTMENT TRENDS

19. RETURNS OF A GLOBAL MARKET BENCHMARK

20. THERMAL POWER PLANTS Thermal power generation consists of using steam power created by burning oil, liquid natural gas (LNG), coal and other substances to rotate generators and produce electricity. 60% of power generation in the country is from thermal power plants that uses coal as fuel

21. WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

22. WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT A thermal power station basically work on the rankine cycle. Thermal power plant convert the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled to the turbine, After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled

23. COMPONENTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT Boiler A huge boiler acts as a furnace transferring heat from the burning fuel to row upon row of water tubes that entirely surround the flames. Water is kept flowing through the tubes by a pump P1

24. Drum It contains water and steam at high pressure and produces a stream for the turbine. It also receives water delivered by boiler-feed pumpP2  High-pressure (HP) Turbine Converts thermal energy into mechanical energy by letting the steam expand as it moves through turbine blades. The steam is then passed through a reheater S3 in order to raise the thermal efficiency and to prevent premature condensation.  Medium-pressure(MP ) turbine It is similar to HP turbine, except that it is bigger so that the steam ma expand still more. contains water and steam at high pressure and produces stream for the  turbine.

25. Low-pressure(LP ) Turbine (5) It is composed of two identical sections and it removes the remaining available energy from the steam. The steam turbine can be of impulse or reaction turbine and sometimes combination of both.

26. Condenser It causes the steam to condense by letting it flow over cooling pipes S4. Coldwater from outside sources flowing through pipes carries away the heat. The temperature of cooling water increases by 5oc to 10oc as it flows through the condenser tubes. The condensed steam has a temperature of between 27 and 33oC It is condensing steam that creates near-vacuum pressure of 5kPa. A condensate pump P2 removes the lukewarm condensed steam and drives it through reheater (7) toward a feedwater pump (8). Reheater Heat exchanger receives hot steam, bled off from high-pressure turbine, to raise the temperature of the feedwater . Thermodynamic studies show that when some steam is bled off this way, the overall efficiency increases.

27. Burner Burners supply and control the amount of gas, oil, or coal injected into boiler. Coal is pulverized before it is injected. Similarly, heavy bunker oil is preheated and injected as an atomized jet to improve surface contact with the surrounding air. Forced-draft It furnishes the enormous quantities of air needed for combustion. Induced-draft fan It carries gases and other products of combustion toward the cleansing apparatus and from there to the stack and the outside air. Generator Connected to three turbines converts’ mechanical energy into electrical energy .

28. Cooling Towers Whenever one percent of a body of water evaporates, the temperature of the remaining water drops to 5.8  o  C. To cool the condenser, the phenomenon of evaporation is used to produce the cooling effect. Evaporation is produced by exposing large surface of water to surrounding air. The simplest way to do this is to break up the water into small droplets and blow air through this artificial rain . Warm cooling water flows out of the condenser is piped to the top of the cooling tower where it is broken up into small droplets. As the droplets fall toward the open reservoir below, evaporation takes place and the droplets are chilled .

29. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT The entire process of power production viz., coal mining, preparation, combustion, waste storage, and transport results in numerous damaging  environmental impacts . Acid mine drainage (AMD) It refers to the outflow of acidic water from coal mines or metal mines, often abandoned mines where metal ore or coal mining activities have exposed rocks containing the sulphur-bearing mineral pyrite. Pyrite reacts with air and water to form sulphuric acid and dissolved iron and as water washes through mines, this compound forms a dilute acid, which can wash into nearby rivers and streams which pollutes the air as well as the soil, which results the soil may not be suitable for cultivation .

30. Air pollution In an average year, a typical coal plant (500 megawatts) generates the following amounts of air pollutants 3.7 million tons of CO 2 , an amount equivalent to chopping down 161 million trees – leads to global warming and climate change. 10,000 tons of SO 2 , which causes acid rain and forms small airborne particles that can cause lung damage, heart disease, and other illnesses. 10,200 tons of NOx, equivalent to half a million late-model cars. NOx leads to formation of smog, which inflames lung tissue and increases susceptibility to respiratory illness. 500 tons of small airborne particles, which can cause bronchitis, reductions in lung function, increased hospital and emergency room admissions, and premature death.

31. 220 tons of hydrocarbons, which contribute to smog formation. 720 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), which causes headaches and places additional stress on people with heart disease. 170 pounds of mercury. 1/70th of a teaspoon of mercury deposited in a 25-acre lake can make the fish unsafe to eat. Mercury also causes learning disabilities, brain damage, and neurological disorders. 225 pounds of arsenic, which leads to cancer in 1 out of 100 people who drink water containing 50 parts per billion. 114 pounds of lead, 4 pounds of cadmium, and other toxic heavy metals. These toxic metals can accumulate in human and animal tissue and cause serious health problems, including mental retardation, developmental disorders, and damage to the nervous system.

32. AIR QUALITY AROUND THE THERMAL POWER PLANTS Around the coal based plants the ambient concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and SPM are high Epidemiological Studies have shown that of the area surrounding coal based thermal plants, population living within a 2-5 km radius of the plant suffers from respiratory disorders Two other gases, carbon dioxide and ozone are emitted. The high amount of carbon dioxide emission from thermal power plants contribute to global warming leading to climate change is significant Fly ash contains a toxic brew of dangerous chemicals and is the largest contributor to mercury pollution

33. COMPOSITION OF FLYASH Main chemical components SiO 2 (51.4 wt %) Al 2 O 3 (22.1 wt %) Fe 2 O 3 (17.2 wt % weight basis ) As commonly observed, many toxic elements and heavy metals are highly enriched in the fly ash relative to the original coal Be (16.4 ppm), Cu (106 ppm), Zn (578 ppm) As (40.4 ppm), Cd (2.6 ppm), Hg (18 ppm) Pb (71 ppm), and U (21.8 ppm)

34. RAICHUR THERMAL POWER PLANT SHAKTI NAGAR, RAICHUR, KARNATAKA

35. NO PLACE FOR WILDLIFE Land acquisition leads to loss of habitat of some species and results in loss of flora and faunal species

36. PROBLEM WITH FLY-ASH Minamata disease sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms A congenital form of the disease can also affect fetuses in the womb

37. CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 1. Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) 2. Net Zero Emissions (NZE) 3. Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)

38. POLLUTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES - AIR POLLUTION Caused by high SO2 emissions from coal combustion China focus acid rain as a serious problem A growing volume of traffic results in growing NOx emissions China is responsible for 36% of worldwide pollutant emissions Respiratory and heart diseases related to air pollution are the leading cause of death in China CITY (2021) PM 10 ( μg /m 3 ) PM 2.5 ( μg /m 3 ) SO 2 ( μg /m 3 ) NO 2 ( μg /m 3 ) WHO STANDARDS < 45 < 15 < 40 < 25 NEW YORK - 28 - - BEIJING 75 117 4 28 NEW DELHI 293 250 31 36 COIMBATORE 80 167 9 5

39. WORLD CO2 EMISSIONS

40. PER CAPITA CO 2 EMISSIONS

41. ANNUAL CHANGE IN ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS

42. GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS AND GENERATION BY SOURCE IN THE APS & NEZ BY 2050 SCENARIOS

43. CO2 EMISSIONS COUNTRYWISE

44. IMPACTS Coal dust  stirred up during the mining process, as well as released during coal transport, which can cause severe and potentially deadly respiratory problems. Coal fires  occur in both abandoned coal mines and coal waste piles. Internationally, thousands of underground coal fires are burning now. Coal combustion waste  is the nation's second largest waste stream after municipal solid waste. It is disposed of in landfills or "surface impoundments," which are lined with compacted clay soil, a plastic sheet, or both. As rain filters through the toxic ash pits year after year, the toxic metals are leached out into the local environment. Coal sludge , also known as slurry, is the liquid coal waste generated by washing coal. It is typically disposed of at impoundments located near coal mines, but in some cases it is directly injected into abandoned underground mines. Since coal sludge contains toxins, leaks or spills can endanger underground and surface waters.

45. Mining of coal results in Floods such caused by mountaintop removal mining and failures of coal mine impoundments. Forest destruction caused by mountaintop removal mining - According to a 2010 study, mountaintop removal mining has destroyed 6.8% of Appalachia's forests. Loss or degradation of groundwater - Since coal seams are often serve as underground aquifers, removal of coal beds may result in drastic changes in hydrology after mining has been completed. Radical disturbance of 8.4 million acres of farmland, rangeland, and forests, most of which has not been reclaimed Mountaintop removal mining and other forms of surface mining can lead to the drastic alteration of landscapes, destruction of habitat, damages to water supplies, and air pollution. Not all of these effects can be adequately addressed through coal mine reclamation.

46. CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING A 1000 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power plant produces approximately the same amount of global warming as 1.2 million cars The amount of carbon remaining in the ground in oil and gas reserves is much smaller than the amount of carbon contained in coal reserves. "Second, coal is the most carbon intense of the fossil fuels. Producing a kilowatt-hour of electricity from coal produces about 2.4 pounds of carbon dioxide, while producing a kilowatt-hour of electricity from natural gas produces about 1 pound of carbon dioxide. While coal produces half of the electricity used in the United States, it is responsible for 80 percent of the carbon dioxide released by electric utilities. "Third, coal consumption is far more concentrated than the use of other fossil fuels. A mere six hundred large coal-burning power plants account for nearly all coal usage, in contrast to the tens of millions of cars, trucks, planes, homes, businesses, and factories that burn oil and gas. Thus, reducing emissions from coal is a far simpler task."

47. "Fourth, production of oil and gas is primarily located in countries that American domestic energy policy has little or no ability to control. Any reduction in use by the United States might well be consumed by other countries. In contrast, our ability to control the consumption of coal is substantial, since the United States leads the rest of the world in the size of its coal reserves Global median surface temperature rise over time in the weo-2021 scenarios

48. THERMAL POLLUTION Thermal pollution  is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature impacts organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen supply, and (b) affecting ecosystem composition. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt rise in water temperature known as 'thermal shock': Most aquatic organisms have developed enzyme systems that operate in only narrow ranges of temperature, and can be killed by sudden temperature changes that are beyond the tolerance limits of their metabolic systems.

49. FLY-ASH Particulates and coal  - Particulate matter (PM) includes the tiny particles of fly ash and dust that are expelled from coal-burning power plants. Studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter is related to an increase of respiratory and cardiac mortality. Radioactivity and coal  - Coal contains minor amounts of the radioactive elements, uranium and thorium. When coal is burned, the fly ash contains uranium and thorium "at up to 10 times their original levels

50. AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA Coal-based thermal power stations with no pollution control technology are responsible for over half sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), 30 per cent oxides of nitrogen (NOx), about 20 per cent particulate matter (PM) among other man-made emissions in the country. 

51. EMISSIONS FROM COAL   Coal type Ignition temperature (C) Volatile initial release temperature (C) Lignite 250-450 130-170 Bituminous 400-500 200-300 Anthracite 700-800 380-400 Pollutant Anthracite Lignite CO 2  (g/GJ) 94,600 101,000 SO 2  (g/GJ) 765 1,361 NO x  (g/GJ) 292 183 CO (g/GJ) 89.1 89.1 Organic compounds-Non methanic (g/GJ) 4.92 7.78 PM (g/GJ) 1,203 3,254 Total volume of flue gases (m 3 /GJ) 360 444

52. MITIGATION MEASURES Combined heat and power Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a process to generate electricity and process heat. Instead of discharging heat at a higher than ambient temperature, it is used to heat the buildings. This expertise is commonly practiced in some countries, for example Denmark and other Scandinavian countries and parts of Germany.

53. Options for fossil fuel power plants The choices other than coal-fired power plants include hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, geothermal power, tidal and new renewable energy techniques. Some of the power production technologies are proven on large industrial scale (i.e., hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, and tidal power) while others are in prototype stage.

54. Cost by power generation source The costs for a fossil fuel based power plant with a life of 30 years to 50 years is charming for investor due to the low initial investment i.e., around $1000 to $1300 per kilowatt electricity as compared to $2000 per kilowatt from an onshore wind farm. This cost calculation is only true when it strictly includes the cost of electricity production and does not consider the indirect costs supplementary to the pollutants generated due to fossil fuels burning (e.g., increased respiratory diseases).

55. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) CONTROL PM is often classified as PM 2.5 (< 2.5 μm ) and PM 10 (< 10 μm ). PM 2.5 is considered to have more harmful health effects than the relatively coarser particles. Impaired visibility is one of the effects of particulate matter emissions. Particles of sizes 2.5 μm and greater than 2.5 μm are regulated while the sizes less than 0.1 μm are presently difficult to regulate. A PM control device remove the PM from the exhaust gas stream, stop the PM from re-entering the exhaust gases, and remove the collected PM. The main PM control equipment in use are Electrostatic Precipitators ( ESP) Fabric Filters ( FF) Mechanical Collectors ( MC) Venturi Scrubbers (VS )

56. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS (ESP) An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) removes particles from a gas stream by using electrical energy to charge particles either positively or negatively. The charged particles are then attracted to collector plates carrying the opposite charge. The collected particles may be removed from the collector plates as dry material (dry ESPs), or they may be washed from the plates with water (wet ESPs). ESPs are capable of collection efficiencies greater than 99 percent. An ESP is primarily made up of the following four components: gas distribution plates, discharge electrodes, collection surfaces (either plates or pipes) and rappers. The gas distribution plates consist of several perforated plates which help maintain proper flow distribution of the entering gas stream.

57. FABRIC FILTERS (FF) Fabric filter is the technical term for what is commonly known as a baghouse or dust collector. A fabric filter is an air pollution control device that removes particulate matter from a process gas stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Dust laden gases come in contact with filter bags inside a baghouse. Depending on the type of fabric filter, dust comes in contact with the filter bag and either collects on the inside or outside of the bag.

58. MECHANICAL COLLECTORS (MC) Mechanical dust collectors, often called cyclones or multiclones have been used extensively to separate large particles from a flue gas stream. Mechanical collectors are particulate control devices that use centrifugal force, gravity settling, and inertia to collect pollutants. Mechanical collectors can handle high dust loadings. In cyclone separators, cyclonic separation method of removing particulates is used. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. Mechanical collectors were adequate when the emissions regulations were less stringent and were used when firing techniques produced larger particles. These were frequently used for re injection to improve unit efficiency on stoker firing of coal and biomass. Due to strict emission regulations mechanical collectors can no longer be used as the primary control device.

59. VENTURI SCRUBBERS (VS) A Venturi Scrubber is a type of pollution control equipment that is used to remove contaminated particles from gaseous exhaust streams. It works based on the Venturi effect occurs when gas or fluid is pushed through a throat, or choke, to increase the velocity of the fluid or gas stream passing through. It has 3 sections - converging section ; a diverging cone and cyclonic separator Through the converging section the air stream enters and at the throat the space decreases and the gas velocity increases. Then liquid is introduced at the section, now fast-moving gas generates turbulence; causing atomization. Then it moves to the cyclone separator where particle are removed by vortex motion A venturi scrubber excels at removing particulates and even some gaseous pollutants.

60. INDIA TOWARDS GREEN ENERGY India could face significant power cuts within days. Government  data  show that, as of 2021, 116 of India's 135 coal-fired power plants had nine days' or less worth of coal left in their stocks, and 84 of the plants had less than five days' worth of the fuel left to burn. India is Asia's third largest economy, and the government has relied heavily on coal to keep that economic engine cranking as it tries to lift millions more people out of poverty.  The country has already made significant  progress  in transitioning from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources In 2015, as part of the  Paris climate agreement , India agreed to increase its installed electricity capacity from clean sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric and nuclear to 40% by 2030. It managed to hit that target this year — nine years ahead of schedule. India now plans to increase the proportion of its green energy production from the current 40% (101GW) to 60% (450GW) by 2030.  In aid, India is making huge investments in solar and wind energy. The country has increased its solar power capacity more than 11-fold over the last five years alone, looking for progressive phases for other technologies too,

61. QUESTIONS 1. The energy sources that are either found or stored in nature are a) Secondary Energy Sources b ) Primary energy sources c) both a and b d ) none of the above 2. Which of the following is commercial energy source? a) Electricity b) Nuclear Energy c) Hydel d) Solar 3. Inexhaustible energy sources are known as commercial Energy b ) Renewable energy primary energy d) secondary energy 4. Which country has the largest share of the global coal reserves? a) Russia b ) China c ) USA d) India 5. The percentage of gas reserves for Russian Federation, when compared to world reserve is considered at a) 10 % of world reserve b ) 20 % of World reserve C) 30 % of world reserve d) 40 % of World reserve

62. 6. World oil reserves are estimated to last over a) 47 Years b) 60 years c) 200 years d) 75 years 7. World gas reserves are estimated to last over a) 52 years B) 65 years c) 200 years d) 75 years 8. The global primary energy consumption in 2020 was equivalent to a) 21,842 Mtoe b) 15,360 Mtoe c) 9405 Mtoe d) 13,356 Mtoe 9. The primary energy consumption of India is a) 1/29 of the world b) 1/16 of the world c) 1/7 of the world d) 1/20 of the world 10. The world average per person energy consumption is equivalent to _____tonnes of coal 3 b) 2.2 c) 4.5 d) 1.0 11. Which fuel dominates the energy mix in Indian energy scenario? a) Oil b) Natural gas c) Coal d ) Nuclear 12. The fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world is ______ a) USA b) Russia C) I ndia d) China

63. 13. Indian per capita energy consumption is ____ of the world average. a) 4% b) 20 % c ) 0.33% d) 10% 14. Energy consumption per unit of GDP is called as a) Energy Ratio B) Energy intensity c ) Per capita consumption d) None 15. India’s energy intensity is ___ times of world average a) 1.5 b) 2.5 c) 3.6 d) 10 16. India’s current percentage peak demand shortage for electricity is: a) 1% b) 3% c) 10% d) 14% 17. Name the Act, which is proposed to bring the qualitative transformation of the electricity sector: a) Regulatory Commission Act 1998 b) Indian Electricity Act 1910 c) Supply Act 1948 d) Electricity Act 2003 18. Which of the following is highest contributor to the air pollution? a) Carbon Monoxide b) Hydro Carbons c) Sulphur Oxides d ) Particulates 19. Projected temperature increase by the year 2100 due to climate change is: a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 20. Acid rain is caused by the release of the following components from combustion of fuels. a) SO x and NO x b ) SO x and CO 2 c) CO 2 and NO x d) H 2 O