1.introduction

Airport Engineering -Ref: Subramanian-Airport Engineering

1. Airport Engineering

2. Development of Air Transport in India The first air flight in India was performed in the year 1911 when a Frenchman carried mail from Allahabad to Naini . The first commercial air service was established in 1930 as Tata Airlines. Air India entered into Jet age in 1960 when Boeing 707 Services were started between India and London and subsequently extended to New York.

3. Airport Engineering Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and construction of terminals, runways, and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service. Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port.

4. What is an AIRPORT? An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air transportation. It is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters take off and land. Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport should have runway for takeoffs and landings, buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings.

5. Definition AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land and take off , which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.

6. What are Aerodromes? AERODROMES A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

7. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

8. Airport History The world's first airport was built in 1928 at Croydon near London (England). It was the main airport for London till it was closed down in 1959, after the World War II. It is now open as a visitor centre for aviation.

9. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. FAA-Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) AAI- Airports Authority of India- (India)

10. Airports Authority of India (AAI) Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country. AAI manages 125 airports, which include 18 International Airport, 07 Customs Airports, 78 Domestic Airports and 26 Civil Enclaves at Defense airfields.

11. Types of Airports International Airports Regional Airports Domestic Airports

12. International Airports An international airport has direct service to many other airports. Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers and cargo. Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes. Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other countries. Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the large aircraft.

13. Hong Kong International Airport – Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong

14. Incheon International Airport

15. Domestic Airports A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic flights or flights within the same country. Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration facilities and are therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a foreign airport. These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircraft.

16. Regional Airports A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or lightly populated geographical area. A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic between countries. Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or private aircraft (general aviation).

17. Louisiana Regional Airport, US

18. Movements of an airplane

19. Movements of an airplane Roll : Rotational movement of an aircraft around its longitudinal axis; it is caused by an imbalance in the lift of the wings. Pitch : Rotational movement of an aircraft around its transverse axis; it is caused by an imbalance of pressure on the nose and tail. Yaw: Aircraft’s rotational motion around its vertical axis; it is caused by an imbalance of pressure on the leading edges of the wings.

20. Aircraft Characteristics The size ; Span of wings: This decides the width of taxiway, size of aprons and hangers. Height: This decides the height of hanger gate and miscellaneous installations inside the hanger. Wheel base: This decides minimum taxiway radius. Tail width: Required for size of parking and apron.

21. Minimum turning radius : To determine the radii at the ends of the taxiways and to ascertain the position on the loading apron. Gross Take-off weight: It governs the thickness of runway and taxiway pavements as well as length of runway. Capacity of aircraft : It governs the baggage, passengers and fuel that can be accommodated in the aircraft. Aircraft Characteristics

22. Take-off and landing distances : A number of factors such as altitude of the airport, gradient of runway, direction and intensity of wind, temperature and the manner of landing and take-off which influence the take-off and landing distances. Tyre pressure and contact area : It governs the thickness of the pavement. Range: The frequency of operations and hence the peak traffic volume and the runway capacity depend upon the normal haul length or the range.

23. Factors affecting selection of site for Airport Availability of adequate area Airport use i.e , whether for civilian or for military operation Accessibility –connectivity with other modes Topography, soil condition and drainage Availability of construction materials Cost of development Cost of maintenance

24. 8. Traffic volume and type of traffic 9. Cross-wind component 10. Proximity to other airports 11. Safety factors 12. Revenues 13.Visibility 14. Obstruction 15.Future Development Factors affecting selection of site for Airport

25. Typical Layout of an Airport

26. Important Components of An Airport Layout 1. Runway 2. Terminal Building 3. Apron 4. Taxiway 5. Aircraft Stand 6. Hanger 7. Control Tower 8. Parking

27. Runways A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes off. It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a runway (and not a road) and to help them when they are landing or taking off. Runway markings are white. Most runways have numbers on the end. The number is the runway's compass direction. (For example, runway numbered 36 would be pointing north or 360 degrees). Some airports have more than one runway going in the same direction, so they add letters to the end of the number R for right, C for center, and L for left .

28. Terminal Buildings Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the spaces where passengers board or alight from flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities for passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the customs and have lounges to wait before disembarking. The terminals can house  cafes , lounges and  bars  to serve as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals. Large airports can have more than one terminal that are connected to one another through link ways such as walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually have only one terminal that houses all the required facilities.

29. Aprons Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes called ramps. They vary in size, from areas that may hold five or ten small planes, to the very large areas that the major airports have.

30. 4. Taxiway   A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities . They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass.  

31. 5. Aircraft Stand   A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.

32. 7. Control Tower A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by radio and observed physically and by radar.   8. Parking Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park.

33. AIRPORT PLANNING Important Objectives of an airport 2. Components of airport planning 3. Good airfield layout characteristics

34. Obstacles and Imaginary surfaces

35. Runway Orientation & Design “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take off “ Runway orientation is important in airport planning Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of prevailing wind

36. Runway Orientation & Design “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take off “ Runway orientation is important in airport planning Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of prevailing wind

37. IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT Determination of runway is a critical task It is very important for safe take offs and approaches The width and sloping of runway also play a role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated by the figure below :

38. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION FAA includes over 20 runway layouts Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns : SIMPLE RUNWAY PARALLEL RUNWAY OPEN-V RUNWAYS INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

39. PARALLEL RUNWAYS There are 4 types of parallel runways

40. OPEN-V RUNWAYS Runways diverging from different directions but do not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’

41. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways . This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year.

42. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY ORIENTATION WIND AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY WILD LIFE HAZARDS TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION

43. RUNWAY LIGHTING These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their edges

44. RUNWAY SIGNS Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation They differ according to their purpose and action