1. Introduction to IoT

Introduction to IoT

1. Introduction to IoT Mr. Abhishek Das Assistant Professor Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering MIT School of Engineering MIT ADT University, Pune [email protected]

2. What is IoT? Main goal – “ Connect the unconnected” The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects. By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves.

3. Definition of IoT The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.

4. What is IoT? From any time, any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything!

5. Characteristics Event driven Ambient Intelligence Flexible structure Semantic sharing Complex access technologies

6. Genesis of IoT Started between the years 2008 and 2009 Kevin Ashton coined the term Internet of Things Idea related to linking company’s supply chain to the internet

7. Why IoT? Dynamic control of industry and daily life Improve the resource utilization ratio Integrating human society and physical systems Flexible configuration Universal transport and internetworking Acts as technologies integrator

8. Application of IoT Regional office House Transportation vehicle Biosensor taken by people Equipment in public place Virtual Environment

9. Application of IoT (Part 1) : Scenario: Shopping When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves When moving the goods, the reader will tell the staff to put a new one When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader

10. Application of IoT (Part 2) : Scenario: Intelligent Home Refrigerator Intelligent Refrigerator IoT Refrigerator

11. Challenges of IoT Technological standardization in most areas are still fragmented Managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for governments Privacy Absence of governance

12. Future of IoT Daily life Traffic issue Production Logistics Retailing Resource and power control

13. Evolution of the Internet Business and Societal impact Connectivity Digitize access Email Web browser Search Networked Economy Digitize business E-commerce Digital supply chain Collaboration Immersive Experiences Digitize interactions Social Mobility Cloud Video Internet of Things Digitize the world Connecting: People Process Data Things Intelligent Connections

14. IoT Devices Non standard computing devices Connect wirelessly to a network Have the ability to transmit data IoT involves extending internet connectivity beyond standard devices Like laptops, desktop PCs, smartphones

15. IoT Devices: Examples Connected devices are part of an ecosystem I n which every device talks to other related devices in an environment T o automate home and industry tasks. They can communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses and other intended parties. The devices can be categorized into three main groups: consumer, enterprise and industrial.

16. IoT Devices: Examples Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables and smart appliances.  In a smart home, for example, devices are designed to sense and respond to a person's presence. When a person arrives home, their car communicates with the garage to open the door. Once inside, the thermostat is already adjusted to their preferred temperature, and the lighting is set to a lower intensity and color, as their smart watch data indicates it has been a stressful day. Other smart home devices include sprinklers and robotic vacuum cleaners

17. IoT Devices vs Computers Main function of an IoT device is not to compute Functions of IoT devices are to do special tasks/operations In other words, IoT devices are special purpose devices Software and hardware are efficient for the task- but inefficient for other tasks A music player is great for playing music but terrible for playing a video Laptops can do both – but less efficiently Computers are general purpose devices Ok at executing anything Not particularly efficient for type of code

18. Physical and Logical Design of IoT

19. Physical Design of IoT The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. I oT devices can: Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the data, or Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints

20. Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both wired and wireless. I/O interfaces for sensors Interfaces for Internet connectivity Memory and storage interfaces Audio/video interfaces.

21. IoT Protocols Link Layer 802.3 – Ethernet 802.11 – WiFi 802.16 – WiMax 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN 2G/3G/4G Network/Internet Layer IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN

22. IoT Protocols ( cont.. ) Transport Layer TCP UDP Application Layer HTTP CoAP WebSocket MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP

23. Logical Design of IoT Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation. For understanding, logical design of IoT, we describe given below terms: IoT Functional Blocks IoT Communication Models IoT Communication APIs

24. IoT Functional Blocks An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and management.

25. IoT Communication Model Publish-Subscribe Model Push - Pull Model Request ResponseModel Exclusive Pair Model

26. IoT Communication Models : Request-Response Model Request-Response is a communication model in which the client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then sends the response to the client.

27. IoT Communication Models : Publish-Subscribe Model Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.

28. IoT Communication Models : Publish-Subscribe Model Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

29. IoT Communication Models : Push-Pull Model Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues and the consumers Pull the data from the Queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers.

30. IoT Communication Models : Push-Pull Model Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumer pull data.

31. IoT Communication Models : Exclusive Pair Model Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent connection between the client and server. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.

32. IoT Communication APIs Generally we use two APIs for IoT Communication. These IoT communication APIs are: REST-based communication APIs WebSocket-based Communication APIs

33. IoT Communication APIs : REST-based communication APIs Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred.

34. IoT Communication APIs : REST-based communication APIs REST APIs follow the request response communication model. The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.

35. IoT Communication APIs : WebSocket-based communication APIs WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional, full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model

36. IoT Enabling Technologies Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Cloud Computing Big Data Analytics Communication Protocols Embedded Systems

37. IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

38. Components of IoT Device Resource Controller Service Database Web Service Analysis Component Application

39. IoT Level-1 A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the application. Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modelling low-cost and low-complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.

40. IoT Level-1 (cont..) Have one sensor/device to sense (could be temperature sensor/pressure sensor, etc.) The data to be stored in locally Data analysis to be done Monitoring/control can be done through an application (. apk or webapp) This is used for simple applications with limited complexity or no complexity Data is not huge, means, not a big data here! All the controls happen through internet.

41. IoT Level-2 A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and the application is usually cloud-based. Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big; however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally. IoT Level 2

42. IoT Level-2 Here, the data is definitely voluminous Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge Analysis done locally, cloud meant for storage alone Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the webapp or mobile application Some examples could be agriculture applications, room refreshening solutions based on odour, etc.

43. IoT Level-3 Here, the data is definitely voluminous Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge Analysis done in the cloud IoT Level 3

44. IoT Level-3 Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the webapp or mobile application Some examples could be agriculture applications, room refreshening solutions based on odour, etc. IoT Level 3

45. IoT Level-4 A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based. Level-4 contains local and cloud-based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices

46. IoT Level-4 Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

47. IoT Level-5 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.

48. IoT Level-5 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based. Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

49. IoT Level-6 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based. The analytics component analyses the data and stores the results in the cloud database.

50. IoT Level-6 The results are visualized with the cloud-based application. The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.

51. The End