1 PPT-Climate of Pakistan and Its impact.pptx

How does climate of Pakistan work and what are its effects

1. Climate Unit 2 By Ayesha Fawad Mx Climate Climate unit 2

2. Climate : It is the atmospheric condition prevailing over an area for a long period of time i.e twenty to thirty years. Weather :It is the atmospheric condition for a short period of time like day to day change. Climatic zones: Highland zone : Northern,North-Western ,Western Lowland Zone: Indus plain Coastal areas : Karachi coast, Makran Coast Arid zone : South-Western,South-Eastern

3. 1.Highland Zone: Long, cold winters due to low angle of sun. Summers are short due to transfer of heat from central Pakistan. 2.Lowland Zone: Hot summers due to high angle of sun. Cold winters due to low angle of sun. 3.Coastal Zone: Climate is dominated by sea breezes of the year. Moderate temperature and humidity ( Maritime influence) 4.Arid Zone: Hot,Long summers. Dust storms. High angle of sun.

4. Factors Affecting Temperature Of Pakistan 1. Latitudinal effect: Regions closer to the equator are warm than the regions away from the equator. 2. Continental effect : It is the absence of Maritime influence the absence of the influence of the sea. 3 .Maritime influence : Influence of the sea breezes on the temperature of the land. 4. Cloud cover :When solar radiations are reflected back by the clouds,temperature decreases during the day time and increases during night because clouds trap heat.

5. 5. Effect of Altitude : Air is dense at high altitude because less radiations are absorbed with less air to absorb heat there is a drop of 6.5degree C for each 1000m. 6. Latitude and Angle of sun: (i)High angle of sun:Pakistan is located in the Northern Hemisphere it is tilted towards the sun in summers and land absorbs heat.Days become long and nights become short (ii)Low angle of sun:During winters the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun so this part of earth absorbs less heat so we have shorter days and longer nights. 7 .Rain shadow :An area with a small average rain shadow on a leeward side of a mountain e.g Gigit and chitral.

6. Sources Of Rainfall 1. Monsoon rainfall : These are the seasonal winds which blow during summers and winters.The summers one are called the south-west monsoon from july-sep while the winter ones are called north-west monsoons from Dec-Jan.They blow from Bay of bengal after crossing Bangladesh and Northern India. 2. Western depressions :They come from Dec-March.These are the cyclones which originate in the Mediterranean sea they travel across Afghanistan and Iran then reach western areas of Pakistan.

7. 3. Convectional currents : It is the localized rainfall only Northern and North western areas receive this rainfall At start of summer hot air rises up,reaching the higher layer of the atmosphere,condensation takes place.Southern Pakistan is deprived of this rainfall due to temperature inversion layer. 4 Relief rainfall :It is related to the height of land. It occurs where moist unstable air moves up a scarp edge and is chilled.This cause heavy condensation, on the windward side. 5. Tropical cyclones : These cyclones which originates from the Arabian sea.They bring heavy rainfall and are called destructive winds.

8. Natural Hazards :Floods Excessive water in the rivers may cause floods. Causes Natural Human Melting of snow Heavy monsoon cutting of trees on failure to during summer rainfall the foothills of mountains save water in dams Failure to strengthen Eba- nkments alongside rivers

9. Effects of Flood

10. Benefits of floods Effects of Floods Floods return nutrients to land Spread a layer of fresh alluvium High level of fish production Recharge ground water sources Destruction of crops Loss of food supplies Loss of infrastructure Water borne diseases

11. Aforestation on the foothills to absorb water. Enlargement of dam for more capacity of water. Building embankments to prevent spread of flood. Measures done to reduce floods Extra channels at flood zones can be made for storage of excessive water. Awareness of flood by publicizing and providing necessary things and rehabilitation of effected victims.

12. STORMS Strong winds that blow during April-June and post monsoon season Effects Of storms Transportation is difficult Destruction of fruit trees Communication System Is damaged Destruction Of crops Electricity is disrupted

13. Tropical cyclones

14. Droughts It is the lack of rainfall resulting in severe water shortages that later leads to starvation and deaths Types of drought Permanent Drought: Where crop cultivation is not possible without irrigation Invisible Drought: Result of water Deficiency that reduces crop yield Seasonal Drought : In areas where there is well-defined rainy and dry season Unpredictable Drought: Result of abnormally low rainfall .In areas which have humid climates

15. Causes of droughts Human Natural 1.Deforestation 2.Mismanagement 3.Water resources 4.Over grazing 1.Unreliability of monsoon rainfall 2.Hot and dry winds. 3.Lack of moisture 4.Global climate

16. Effects oE Effects of Drought Drought

17. Effects of Drought on the humans Population: 1.Starvation 2.Malnutrition 3.Loss of ives 4.No fodder for animals 5.Animals can die Economy: 1.Shortage of raw materials 2.Reduces exports and reduces imports 3.Economy is damaged

18. Effects of Drought on physical environment Desertification turning of land into a desert Drying up of rivers and lakes harms the marine ecosystem Drop in water table less water in the ground sources

19. Drought Management Water storage schemes: More reservoirs like wells,water tanks. For storage of water at time of flood. The use of new technology: Desalination. Recycling,filtration of wastewater. Grow drought resistant crops. Planning and management of water: Lining of canals Training of farmers Creating awareness

20. Thank you