1-Theories-of-Globalization.pptx

gec3

1. The Contemporary World

2. Globalization Globalization is not a single concept

3. Globalization … is a concept that has been defined variously over the years, with some connotations referring to progress, development and stability, integration and cooperation , and others referring to regression, colonialism, and destabilization .

4. In 1995, Martin Khor , President of the Third World Network in Malaysia, referred to globalization as colonization.

5. Theories of Globalization

6. Immanuel Wallerstein   The World-System Theory

7. In the 1950s, the dominant theory was modernization theory ; its problem was that some countries were not developing/ modernizing as predicted ... evidence did not fit the theory  hence...

8. World System Theory developed out of attempt to explain the failure of certain states to develop Looking at Latin America, their economies could not compete, global capitalism forced certain countries into under- development Trade is asymmetrical Poor countries are dependent on rich states

9. Immanuel Wallerstein ( The Modern World System, 1976) “ Globalization represents the triumph of a capitalist world economy tied together by a global division of labor .”

10. A world-system is a " multicultural territorial division of labor in which the production and exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life of its inhabitants."

11. Key Structure of the capitalist world-system The division of the world into three great regions , or geographically based and hierarchically organized tiers The Core The Periphery The Semi-Periphery

12. The powerful and wealthy " core " societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies unequal exchange capital accumulation

13. The world system perpetuates dominance by the core and dependency of the periphery Globalization perpetuates inequality – global economic system is inherently unfair Unequal exchange Capital accumulation

14. States are used by class forces to pursue their interest, in the case of core countries. The idea that governments and international institutions can make the system ‘fair’ is an illusion (because they always reflect interests of capitalists).

15. " GLOBALIZATION " refers to some assertedly new, chronologically recent, process in which states are said to be no longer primary units of decision-making , but are now, only now, finding themselves located in a structure in which something called the " world market ," a somewhat mystical and surely reified entity, dictates the rule ."

16. Theories of Global Capitalism

17. The Transnational Practices (TNP) Leslie Sklair rejects both state-centrism (realism) and globalism (the end of the state) existence of a global system TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICES (TNP), practices that cross-state boundaries but do not originate with state agencies or actors .

18. TNPs operate in three spheres the economic , the political , and the cultural-ideological . The whole is the global system .

19. Transnational practices (TNPs) which originate with non- state actors and cross-state borders. TNPs at three levels (Leslie Sklair ): the economic , whose agent is transnational capital; the political , whose agent is a transnational capitalist class (TCC); the cultural-ideological , whose agent is cultural elites. His theory involves the idea of the TCC as a new class that brings together several social groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system: the executives of transnational corporations; ‘globalizing bureaucrats, politicians, and professionals’, and ‘consumerist elites’ in the media and the commercial sector ( Sklair 2000).

20. William Robinson Global Capitalism

21. World Economy Each country developed a national economy that was linked to others through trade and finances in an integrated international market. Global Economy Globalization of the production process itself, which breaks down and functionally integrates what were previously national circuits into new global circuits of production and accumulation.

22. Transnational class formation takes place around these globalized circuits . Like Sklair , Robinson analyzes the rise of a Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC) as the class group that manages these globalized circuits .

23. Emergent transnational state (TNS) apparatus William Robinson However, in distinction to Sklair , for whom state structures play no role in the global system, Robinson theorizes an emergent transnational state (TNS) apparatus.

24. This Transnational State (TNS) is a loose network comprised of supranational political and economic institutions together with national state apparatuses that have been penetrated and transformed by transnational forces. National states as components of a larger TNS structure now tend to serve the interests of global over national accumulation processes. The supranational organizations are staffed by transnational functionaries who find their counterparts in transnational functionaries who staff transformed national states.

25. Supranationalism  refers to a large amount of power given to an authority which in theory is placed higher than the state.  

26. Empire of Global Capitalism Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt Globalization is transforming individual nation states into a system of diffuse national and global institutions of power - in other words a new type of Empire - which raises the possibility for a " multitude " of people to fight it.

27. Is sovereignty declining as EMPIRE rises?

28. SOVEREIGNTY has been re-scaled from the level of the nation state to the level of the global. State institutions continue to exist. But now, when governments intervene to keep the peace, their police forces (whether in Seattle in the US or in Genoa in Italy) act in the name of empire (the US in Iraq) in much the same way that the US judges act in the name of the American people.

29. The Network Society Manuel Castells

30.   A network society is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies .

31. It is not the logic of capitalist development but that of technological change that is seen to exercise underlying causal determination in the myriad of processes referred to as globalization (M. Castels ). This new economy is: (1) informational, knowledge-based; (2) global, in that production is organized on a global scale; and (3) networked, in that productivity is generated through global networks of interaction. The Internet constructs a new symbolic environment, global in its reach, which makes “ virtuality a reality ”.

32. Castells argues that globalization is a network of production, culture, and power that is constantly shaped by advances in technology , which range from communications technologies to genetic engineering. Globalization represents a new ‘ age of information’ .

33. Information has become the key substance of all human activity and is directly integrated into culture, institutions and experience. The development of new information technology (IT), in particular, computers and the Internet, representing a new technological paradigm and leading to a new ‘ mode of development ’ that Castells terms ‘ informationalism ’.

34. Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the previous paradigm of industrialism ( Castells 1996).

35. From metallurgy to transportation, industrialism was marked by a revolution in materials engineering triggered by the Industrial Revolution. Informationalism , on the other hand, is connected with the information revolution that begins after World War II , covering developments associated with computer science and its various expressions in electronics and telecommunication networks.

36. distinct features of the new symbolic environment   SPACE OF FLOWS , in which informational flows bring physical spaces closer through networks   TIMELESS TIME  in which technology is able to manipulate the natural sequence of events, and  REAL VIRTUALITY  based on a hypertext reality and global interconnection which bends space and time relations.

37. CENTRAL THEME (Global Network Society) The division of the world into those areas and segments of population switched on to the new technological system and those switched off or marginalized digital divide  

38. For Castells , the advancement of the Information Age does not necessarily mean that the world has become flat; rather, with technological advance, he argues, come new global forms of exclusion and inclusion , fragmentation and integration.

39. Those dislocated or excluded by the network society (such as unneeded labor) naturally gravitate to such identities of communal resistance – or are relegated to them: “ elites are cosmopolitan, people are local ” ( Castells , 2000b, p. 446). Castells has argued (1990, p. 21) that for communal identity to be a site of democratic resistance communities must reach out and build links (network) with other communities of other cultures.

40. THEORIES OF SPACE, PLACE AND GLOBALIZATION

41. ‘ time-space distanciation ’ Anthony Giddens Giddens defines time-space distanciation as ‘ the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa ’ – social relations are ‘lifted out’ from local contexts of interaction and restructured across time and space (1990: 64).

42. Global Risk Society Anthony Giddens In Runaway World , Giddens provocatively argues that globalization has led to the creation of a “ global risk society .” human social and economic activities, especially in modernity, produce various risks such as pollution, crime, new illnesses, food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc., and societies have become more responsible for managing these risks that their activities intentionally or, more often than not, unintentionally produce.

43. ‘ time-space compression ’ David Harvey time-space compression is the process whereby time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and vice-versa . time–space compression refers to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances .

44. The Global City (1991) Saskia Sassen Global cities are world-class cities sites of major production, finances or coordinating of the world economy within an international division of labor led by New York, London and Tokyo

45. THEORIES OF TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM Basch et al

46. Transnationalism means living in another country than their country of origin. “ a process by which migrants, through their daily life activities create social fields that cross national boundaries ” TRANSNATIONALISM refers to multiple ties and interactions linking people or institutions across the borders of nation states” Transnationality refers to the rise of new communities and the formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation-states.

47. Immigrant communities do not de-link themselves from their home country; instead, they keep and nourish their linkages to their place of origin ( Itizigsohn et al, 1999).

48. Theories of Global Culture Tomlinson 1999; Nederveen Pieterse 2004

49. There are three main bodies of theory regarding the effects of globalization on local culture: homogenization , hybridization and heterogeneity or polarization . Each of these processes can be demonstrated in different parts of the world.

50. Homogenization Homogenization is the name given to the process whereby globalization causes one culture to consume another. Homogenization theories see a global cultural convergence and would tend to highlight the rise of world beat, world cuisines, world tourism, uniform consumption patterns and cosmopolitanism ( Appadurai ). Many use the term Americanization to depict specifically the way that American culture has been exported to all corners of the globe.

51. Hybridization Cultures are however rarely simply consumed. More often two cultures clash and a new hybrid culture is formed. Hybridization stresses new and constantly evolving cultural forms and identities produced by manifold transnational processes and the fusion of distinct cultural processes.

52. Polarization Sometimes globalization can have the effect of intensifying a local culture. Heterogeneity approaches see continued cultural difference and highlight local cultural autonomy, cultural resistance to homogenization, cultural clashes and polarization, and distinct subjective experiences of globalization

53. The Global Village Marshall McLuhan

54. Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned. - Marshall McLuhan,  Understanding Media , 1964.

55. His insights were revolutionary at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media, technology, and communications ever since. McLuhan chose the insightful phrase " global village " to highlight his observation that an electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly integrating the planet -- events in one part of the world could be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was like when we lived in small villages.

56. The late Marshall McLuhan, a media and communication theorist, coined the term “ global village ” in 1964 to describe the phenomenon of the world’s culture shrinking and expanding at the same time due to pervasive technological advances that allow for instantaneous sharing of culture (Johnson 192). 

57. McLuhan's second best known insight is summarized in the expression " the medium is the message ", which means that the qualities of a medium have as much effect as the information it transmits. 

58. McDonaldization George Ritzer McDonaldization theory is defined as “ the process whereby the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society and the world ” ( Ritzer , 1993:19).

59. The Four Main Dimensions of McDonaldization Efficiency - The optimum method of completing a task. The rational determination of the best mode of production. Individuality is not allowed. Calculability - Assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than subjective criteria. In other words, quantity over quality. They sell the Big Mac, not the Good Mac. Predictability - The production process is organized to guarantee uniformity of product and standardized outcomes. All shopping malls begin to look the same and all highway exits have the same assortment of businesses. Control - The substitution of more predictable non-human labor for human labor, either through automation or the deskilling of the work force.

60. Glocalization Roland Robetson Roland Robertson’s concept of glocalization suggests that the global is only manifest in the local. GLOCALIZATION means that ideas about home, locality and community have been extensively spread around the world in recent years, so that the local has been globalized, and the stress upon the significance of the local or the communal can be viewed as one ingredient of the overall globalization process (Robertson 1995).

61. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy” Arjun Appadurai (1990)

62. Landscapes or Dimensions of Cultural Flows ( Arjun Appadurai )   Mediascapes  are about the flows of image and communication.  Ethnoscapes  are concerned with the flows of individuals around the world.   Ideoscapes   deal with exchanges of ideas and ideologies.   Technoscapes   refer to flows of technology and skills to create linkages between organizations around the world.   Financescapes  relate to the interactions associated with money and capital.

63. Appadaurai uses the suffix SCAPE to connote the idea that these processes have fluid, irregular, variable shapes

64. end