1.unit lesson 1- Introduction to plant taxonomy

This is Unit 1 lesson 1, INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY

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1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY UNIT-I [email protected] 22 July 2020 1 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

2. Roap map Brief introduction and necessity Types of Taxonomy Taxonomical Hierarchy Systematics Systematics Vs Taxonomy Basic components of Taxonomy 22 July 2020 2 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

3. What is Taxonomy ? Why do we have to study this ? 22 July 2020 3 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

4. What is Taxonomy Taxonomy which is probably the oldest of Sciences- is the science of Identifying, naming, describing and classifying plants It is the system of classification including principals, rules and procedures. Its general purpose is to arrange plants in such a way as to provide the information in the retrieval system that is the name and the rank for positional and order hierarchy which tells us something about the plant 22 July 2020 4 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

5. What is Taxonomy The term Taxonomy was first coined in the year 1813 by A P de candolle in his book “ Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique ”, which meant that theory of plant classification but later this term became more inclusive . At present it includes, identification of plants their nomenclature and classification. Taxonomy means ‘Lawful arrangement of objects into groups’ , derived from two Greek words Taxis means arrangement; nomis means law or rule 22 July 2020 5

6. Why is Taxonomy necessary to study Plants have a great significance and unmatched impact on our life . Most of our needs such as food, fodder and medicinal raw materials are fulfilled by plants. Weather plants are ‘harmful or beneficial’, is intimately associated with our daily lives. Thus, it becomes necessary to have an orderly and scientific approach to study the plants. This system of classification of plants is called Taxonomy 22 July 2020 6 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

7. Why is Taxonomy necessary to study 22 July 2020 7 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

8. Theophrastus 370-285 B.C. He was a Greek philosopher and naturalist and is often called the "Father of Botany." He was a pupil of Aristotle and was the first person to publish a classification of plants in the book ‘ Historia plantarum . Classified plants based on form Herbs, shrubs, trees Annuals, perennials, biennials 22 July 2020 8 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

9. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Linnaeus was the first person to propose an orderly system for classifying organisms. He developed the Binomial System of Naming Plants in 1753 Bi= 2 Nomial = name All plants have a scientific name composed of two Latin words known as a genus and specie His system is still used today and his called the Father of Taxonomy! 22 July 2020 9 Dr P. Sujana , PVKNGC(A),CTR

10. Types of Taxonomy Classical or Orthodox or Alpha Taxonomy . Prior to evolution theory of Darwin, relationships of plants were expressed as natural affinities on the basis of overall similarity in morphological features . 22 July 2020 11 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

11. Types of Taxonomy Omega Taxonomy or Biosystematics . This type of approach which polls up the information from various sources and builds up phenetic relationship among groups for better classification 22 July 2020 12 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

12. TAXONOMICAL HIERARCHY A group of plants unique in several respects is assigned to a species . This species are grouped into genera, genera into family, families in to Orders and the process continues till the all species have been arranged on the single largest and most inclusive groups i.e plant Kingdom. This is known as Taxonomic hierarchy . 22 July 2020 13 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

13. TAXONOMICAL HIERARCHY Kingdom: Kingdom is the related division or phylum Division/ Phylum : Division /Phylum is related classes Class : Class or the closely related orders. Order : Order is the closely related families. Family: Family is the closely related genera. Genus : Genus are the closely related species. Species : The lowest major group representing plants and animals 22 July 2020 14 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

14. TAXONOMICAL HIERARCHY Each level of the hierarchy is called rank or category (family ,genus, species etc). A Taxonomic group of any rank is called Taxon (plural Taxa ). The word Taxon was first used by a German biologist Adolf Mayer in 1926 for animal groups, later in 1948, Hermann J lam proposed to plant systems . The basic/ fundamental unit of this classification hierarchy is the species Carrolus van linnaeus was first plant scientist to adopt the Hierarchy system of Taxonomic classification in 1753. 22 July 2020 15 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

15. Systematics Systematics was derived from a latin word Sistema , means organised Systematics term was appeared first in the famous Work of Carolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae (1 737). However , Huxley ( 1888) is often credited to have made the first use of the term in his article on the Systematics of birds. 22 July 2020 16 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

16. Systematics Systematics is defined as the “ Study of diversity and the history of organism and the evolutionary relationships between them”. In short, we can say the science of organisational diversity is Systematics   22 July 2020 17 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

17. Systematics Vs Taxonomy Taxonomy refers specially to the methods and principles of classification (including naming and description). Systematics is used in the broader sense which include, Taxonomy (nomenclature, description, identification and classification). Studies of evolutionary process (such as hybridization sources of variability, degree of variation in population, reproductive isolation, Origin of Species etc,) Studies of phylogeny (the evolutionary relationships between group) systematics in other words we use to understand the evolutionary history of life on the earth 22 July 2020 18 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

18. Fundamentals of Taxonomy Three major basic components of Taxonomy are , Identification Nomenclature Classification   NOMENCLATURE TAXONOMY CLASSIFICATION IDENTIFICATION 22 July 2020 19 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

19. Determination of an unknown plant species. Identification of a Taxon, is an is a prerequisite for any study based on it . It is the determination of Taxon based on overall similarities and dissimilarities with other Taxa . By comparing the characters of the representative specimen of a given Taxon Directly - Authentic herbarium specimen I ndirectly - description illustrations etc , from the FLORA literature, mannuals,Monographs,Journals etc. . Modern days- Computer punch card keys IDENTIFICATION 20

20. IDENTIFICATION Sometimes the specimen, may not agree or compare with the existing predetermined specimen. In such a case it is taken to be new to science. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew , England largest herbarium reserve - international centre for plant identification. Index kewensis - newly identified plants description, information and nomenclature In India Botanical Survey of India helps in identification of plants in the country . 22 July 2020 21 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

21. NOMENCLATURE Once the Taxon has been identified, it becomes necessary to give it a scientific name . Nomenclature is the naming of a Taxon correctly. It is necessary for proper communication and identification of Taxa . International code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN) through its rules and recommendations framed by international Botanical Congress held at regular intervals. New Name to Taxon is given following Binomial Nomenclature 22 July 2020 22 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

22. NOMENCLATURE New Name to Taxon is given following Binomial Nomenclature Name should contain two words a should be definitely in Latin language . In the name, the first word is generic epithet and the second word is specific epithet . Eg : Oriza sativa Oriza – Genus Sativa - Species 22 July 2020 23 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

23. CLASSIFICATION Studying plant characters organised manner and place them into larger or smaller groups based on the their similar similarities and differences . Then , arranged in a sequential manner into categories according to their levels and each category given a name following the rules of nomenclature . For example similar plants are grouped under species similar species under genus and so on. 22 July 2020 24 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

24. CLASSIFICATION Classification is the arrangement of groups of plants with particular characteristics by rank or position according to certain criteria and placing them within the Taxonomical hierarchy . It includes the determination of plant position or rank for new Taxa as well as old Taxa , which has been remodelled , divided, United, transferred or altered in rank lineage. 22 July 2020 25 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR

25. THANK YOU 22 July 2020 Dr P. Sujana, PVKNGC(A),CTR 26