12_2017_10_15!11_59_35_transalation-12PM.pdf

this presentation explained in a easy way the different types of translation according to different scholars

1. TYPES OF TRANSLATIONTYPES OF TRANSLATION
PresentersPresenters

Azhar Munir BhattiAzhar Munir Bhatti

Atif siddiqueAtif siddique

M Azam ShahidM Azam Shahid

Mr. Shahzad LawrenceMr. Shahzad Lawrence

2. IntroductionIntroduction

Etymologically, "translation" is a "carrying Etymologically, "translation" is a "carrying
across" or "bringing across" across" or "bringing across"

The modern Romance, Germanic and Slavic The modern Romance, Germanic and Slavic
European languages have generally formed their European languages have generally formed their
own equivalent terms for this concept after the own equivalent terms for this concept after the
Latin model — after "Latin model — after "transferretransferre" or after the " or after the
kindred "kindred "traduceretraducere" ("to bring across" or "to lead " ("to bring across" or "to lead
across")across")

3. IntroductionIntroduction

The Latin "The Latin "translatiotranslationn" derives from "" derives from "translatumtranslatum," of ," of
""transferretransferre" ("to transfer" — from "" ("to transfer" — from "transtrans," "across" + ," "across" +
""ferreferre," "to carry" or "to bring")," "to carry" or "to bring")

Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," Additionally, the Greek term for "translation,"
""METAPHRASISMETAPHRASIS" ("a speaking across"), has " ("a speaking across"), has
supplied English with "metaphrase" — a "literal supplied English with "metaphrase" — a "literal
translation," or "word-for-word" translation — as translation," or "word-for-word" translation — as
contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other
words," from the Greek "words," from the Greek "PARAPHRASISPARAPHRASIS")")

4. TYPES OF TRANSLATION
Functional Basis Means Used Material Way Described
L
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F
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F
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V
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5. Functional BasisFunctional Basis

LiteraryLiterary

PoetryPoetry

ProseProse

EssayEssay

Short storyShort story

DramaDrama

NovelNovel

Informative (Non Informative (Non
Literary)Literary)

AdvertisementAdvertisement

TechnicalTechnical

NewsNews

Legal (highly formal)Legal (highly formal)

ScientificScientific

6. Means UsedMeans Used

Machine Translation (MT)Machine Translation (MT)

Human to Machine (Input)Human to Machine (Input)

Machine to Human (Output)Machine to Human (Output)

Human TranslationHuman Translation

In same cultureIn same culture

In other culturesIn other cultures

Computer Assisted TranslationComputer Assisted Translation

Un-controlledUn-controlled

ControlledControlled

7. Machine TranslationMachine Translation

AA procedure whereby a computer program procedure whereby a computer program
analyses a source text and produces a target analyses a source text and produces a target
text without further human intervention. text without further human intervention.

HHowever, machine translation typically owever, machine translation typically doesdoes
involve human intervention, in the form of involve human intervention, in the form of pre-pre-
editingediting and and post-editingpost-editing

8. 
Human to Machine (Input)Human to Machine (Input)

Machine to Human (Output)Machine to Human (Output)

always written and non-literaryalways written and non-literary

ASSUMPTION: ASSUMPTION:

computer - programmed to decode (SL) & computer - programmed to decode (SL) &
encode (TL) !!!?encode (TL) !!!?

equivalence between SL and TL (one-to-one equivalence between SL and TL (one-to-one
correspondence)correspondence)

1980-ies: 1980-ies: initial success and promises (large initial success and promises (large
investments - projects)investments - projects)
Mechanical/Machine Mechanical/Machine
TranslationTranslation

9. 
In regard to texts (e.g., weather reports) with In regard to texts (e.g., weather reports) with
limited ranges of vocabulary and simple limited ranges of vocabulary and simple
sentence structure, machine translation can sentence structure, machine translation can
deliver results that do not require much human deliver results that do not require much human
intervention to be useful. intervention to be useful.

Also, the use of a controlled language, combined Also, the use of a controlled language, combined
with a machine-translation tool, will typically with a machine-translation tool, will typically
generate largely comprehensible translationsgenerate largely comprehensible translations
Mechanical/Machine Mechanical/Machine
TranslationTranslation

10. 
Relying on machine translation exclusively Relying on machine translation exclusively
ignores the fact that ignores the fact that

communication in human language is context-communication in human language is context-
embedded and that embedded and that

it takes a person to comprehend the context of the it takes a person to comprehend the context of the
original text with a reasonable degree of probability. original text with a reasonable degree of probability.

even purely human-generated translations are even purely human-generated translations are
prone to error. prone to error.

such translations must be reviewed and edited by a such translations must be reviewed and edited by a
humanhuman
Mechanical/Machine Mechanical/Machine
TranslationTranslation

11. 
AA sub-field of computational linguistics that sub-field of computational linguistics that
investigates the use of computer software to investigates the use of computer software to
translate text or speech from one natural translate text or speech from one natural
language to another. language to another.

At its basic level, MT performs simple At its basic level, MT performs simple
substitution of words in one natural language for substitution of words in one natural language for
words in another. words in another.

Using corpus techniques, more complex Using corpus techniques, more complex
translations may be attempted, allowing for translations may be attempted, allowing for
better handling of differences in linguistic better handling of differences in linguistic
typology, phrase recognition, and translation of typology, phrase recognition, and translation of
idioms, as well as the isolation of anomalies.idioms, as well as the isolation of anomalies.
Mechanical/Machine TranslationMechanical/Machine Translation

12. 
Computers are not human beings – It cannot Computers are not human beings – It cannot
deal with: deal with:

1. 1. Polysemy Polysemy - on the lexical level- on the lexical level

2. 2. Connotations, PragmaticsConnotations, Pragmatics etc. etc.

3. Unable to account for changes in 3. Unable to account for changes in word word
orderorder (syntax) (syntax)

UNABLE to translate literary texts (esp. poetry)UNABLE to translate literary texts (esp. poetry)
Failure of MTFailure of MT

13. Human TranslationHuman Translation

In same cultureIn same culture

very common and ever-present human activityvery common and ever-present human activity

interest in the nature of the process of TRinterest in the nature of the process of TR

what happens in the translator's brainwhat happens in the translator's brain

assessment of the product of TR, criticismassessment of the product of TR, criticism

for for teaching purposesteaching purposes

In other cultureIn other culture

Rival and Non rival elementsRival and Non rival elements

14. 
an exciting new field in translation - a an exciting new field in translation - a
growing professional demand growing professional demand

dubbingdubbing and and voice-overvoice-over

Audiovisual translation (AVT) - dubbing: Audiovisual translation (AVT) - dubbing:

one of the commonest forms of translation one of the commonest forms of translation
encountered in everyday life in contemporary encountered in everyday life in contemporary
societies societies
Audiovisual Translation Audiovisual Translation
(AVT)(AVT)

15. MaterialMaterial

OralOral

ReproductionReproduction

WrittenWritten

transliterationtransliteration

16. Way describedWay described

InterlingualInterlingual

To other language familyTo other language family

In the same language familyIn the same language family

IntralingualIntralingual

ComplexComplex

simplesimple

intersemioticintersemiotic

Sign to verbalSign to verbal

Verbal to signVerbal to sign

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